接上。。。
Yet the leisure-time gap between employees with more and less education is not merely a product of labour-market changes. Less well-educated men also spend less time searching for work, doing odd jobs for money and getting extra training than unemployed educated men, and they do less work around the house and spend less time with their children.
然而受教育程度不同的员工，他们空闲时间的差距不仅仅是变化的劳动市场的产物。受教育程度不太高的男人花在找工作上的时间变少了，他们打零工糊口，比教育程度良好，但还没找到工作的男人受的培训多一些。他们花在做家务和陪孩子的时间要少一些。
But this does not explain why so many well-educated and better-paid people have less leisure time than they did in the 1960s. Various factors may account for this phenomenon. One is that college-educated workers are more likely to enjoy what they do for a living, and identify closely with their careers, so work long hours willingly. Particularly at the top, a demanding job can be a source of prestige, so the rewards of longer hours go beyond the financial.
但这仍然无法解释为什么那么多教育程度良好，薪水又高的人，他们的空闲时间比20世纪60年代少。造成这种现象的原因多种多样。原因之一是有本科文凭的员工更能享受工作，并且职业认同感也比较强，因此他们会自愿工作的久一点。尤其是高层，高强度的工作也是一种地位的体现，因此长时间工作带来的回报已经超越了经济上的回报。
Another reason is that all workers today report greater feelings of job insecurity. Slow economic growth and serious disruptions in any number of industries, from media to architecture to advertising, along with increasing income inequality, have created ever more competition for interesting, well-paid jobs. Meanwhile in much of the rich world, the cost of housing and private education has soared. They can also expect to live longer, and so need to ensure that their pension pots are stocked with ample cash for retirement. Faced with sharper competition, higher costs and a greater need for savings, even elite professionals are more nervous about their prospects than they used to be. This can keep people working in their offices at all hours, especially in America, where there are few legal limits on the working hours of salaried employees.
另一个原因是现在所有员工对工作都有一种不安全感。经济增长缓慢，许多行业都受到严重的冲击，包括媒体业，建筑业，广告业，连同巨大的收入差距，让那些有趣又高薪水工作的竞争愈发激烈。同时，许多发达国家的住房和私立教育的费用也上升了。人们的寿命变长了，因此更需要确保自己有足够的养老金。面临更为激烈的竞争，高昂的生活费和存钱的需要，即便是职场精英们也比从前更为紧张他们的前途。这个因素让人们时时在办公室工作，尤其在美国，对受雇员工的工作时间鲜少有法律限制。
This extra time in the office pays off. Because knowledge workers have few metrics for output, the time people spend at their desks is often seen as a sign of productivity and loyalty. So the stooge who is in his office first thing in the morning and last at night is now consistently rewarded with raises and promotions, or saved from budget cuts. Since the late 1990s, this “long-hours premium” has earned overworkers about 6% more per hour than their full-time counterparts, says Kim Weeden at Cornell University. (It also helps reinforce the gender-wage gap, as working mothers are rarely able to put in that kind of time in an office.)
多呆在办公室也有回报。因为知识工人没什么产量指标，员工花在自己办公桌的时间通常被视为生产力和忠诚度的体现。因此那些个早上第一个到岗，晚上最晚走的员工现在倒是一直被加薪和升职，或者逃过裁员一劫。康奈尔大学的金.威登指出，从20世纪90年代末期开始，这种“长时间的附加值”让那些加班员工比其他全职同行们每小时多赚6%。（这种情况也使男性女性的工资差距变大，因为在职妈妈很少能在办公室呆那么久）
Ultimately, more people at the top are trading leisure for work because the gains of working—and the costs of shirking—are higher than ever before. Revealingly, inequalities in leisure have coincided with other measures of inequality, in wages and consumption, which have been increasing steadily since the 1980s. While the wages of most workers, and particularly uneducated workers, have either remained stagnant or grown slowly, the incomes at the top—and those at the very top most of all—have been rising at a swift rate. This makes leisure time terribly expensive.
最终，越来越多高职位的人将自己的空闲时间用来工作，因为工作的收益和不工作的代价比从前要高的多。空闲时间的不平等和其他一些不平等的指标相一致，如工资和消费水平，自20世纪80年代以来增长平稳。大多数员工，特别是教育程度不高的员工，他们的工资要么停滞不动，要么增长缓慢，而高职位员工，特别是那些高层们的工资增长速度非常快。这也使得空闲时间及其昂贵。
So if leisureliness was once a badge of honour among the well-off of the 19th century, in the words of Thorsten Veblen, an American economist at the time, then busyness—and even stressful feelings of time scarcity—has become that badge now. To be pressed for time has become a sign of prosperity, an indicator of social status, and one that most people are inclined to claim. This switch, notes Jonathan Gershuny, the director of Oxford University’s Centre for Time Use Research, is only natural in economies where the most impressive people seem to have the most to do.
在19世纪，美国经济学家索尔斯坦.维布伦那个年代，悠闲曾经是富裕家庭的尊贵标志。现在忙碌，甚至是时间稀缺的紧迫感，应当是当今的标志了。感到时间紧迫已经成为富裕的象征，社会地位的体现，也是人人声称的。牛津大学时间利用研究中心的主任乔纳森.乔谢利指出，这种变化是经济结构的自然体现，有能力的人最为忙碌。
The American is always in a hurry美国人一直很忙碌
Though professionals everywhere complain about lacking time, the gripes are loudest in America. This makes some sense: American workers toil some of the longest hours in the industrial world. Employers are not required to offer their employees proper holidays, but even when they do, their workers rarely use the lot. The average employee takes only half of what is allotted, and 15% don’t take any holiday at all, according to a survey from Glassdoor, a consultancy. Nowhere is the value of work higher and the value of leisure lower. This is the country that invented take-away coffee, after all.
尽管世界各地的职场人都在抱怨时间不够，但其中还是美国人的抱怨声最大。这也情有可原：在工业界美国人的工作时间最长。雇主无需给雇员提供合适的假期，即便他们提供了，也很少有人休假。根据格拉斯道尔咨询公司的调查显示，美国工人平均的休假天数是总休假天数的一半，有15%的工人根本就不休假。没有哪个地方像美国一样工作时间的价值那么高而休闲时间的价值那么低。也难怪，这个国家发明了外带咖啡。
Some blame America’s puritanical culture. Americans are “always in a hurry,” observed Alexis de Tocqueville more than 150 years ago. But the reality is more complicated. Until the 1970s, American workers put in the same number of hours as the average European, and a bit less than the French. But things changed during the big economic shocks of the 1970s. In Europe labour unions successfully fought for stable wages, a reduced work week and more job protection. Labour-friendly governments capped working hours and mandated holidays. European workers in essence traded money for more time—lower wages for more holiday. This raised the utility of leisure, because holidays are more fun and less costly when everyone else is taking time off too. Though European professionals are working longer hours than ever before, it is still fairly hard to find one in an office in August.
有些人谴责这种清教徒式的美国文化。美国人总是“匆匆忙忙的”，亚丽克西斯.德.托克维尔早在150多年前就发现了。20世纪70年代以前，美国工人的工作时间和欧洲人的平均工作时间一样，比法国人略少。但70年代的经济大冲击改变了这个情形。欧洲工会成功推翻了固定工资，将工作周的时间减少并给工人更多的工作保障。劳工友好型政府上限了工作时间并规定了法定假期。欧洲工人实际上是用金钱换得了更多的时间-减少薪水获得更多的假期。这种做法提高了休闲时间的利用率，因为如果人人都休假，那么假期就会更有趣并且成本更低。尽管欧洲人的上班时间比以前长了，但八月还是很难在办公室看到上班的人。
In America, where labour unions have always been far less powerful, the same shocks led to job losses and increased competition. In the 1980s Ronald Reagan cut taxes and social-welfare programmes, which increased economic inequality and halted the overall decline in working hours. The rising costs of certain basics—pensions, health care and higher education, much of which is funded or subsidised in Europe—make it rational to trade more time for money. And because American holidays are more limited, doled out grudgingly by employers (if at all), it is harder to co-ordinate time off with others, which lowers its value, says John de Graaf, executive director of Take Back Your Time, an advocacy organisation in America.
美国工会的实权一向不是很大，因此同样的经济冲击导致工作岗位变少，竞争变激烈。20世纪80年代，罗纳德.里根采取了减少税收和社会福利的项目，增加了贫富不均，遏制了整体工作时间的减少。养老金，医保和高等教育等基础花费的增加，在欧洲大部分由政府资助或补贴，因此欧洲人用金钱换取更多的时间也情有可原。然而美国人的假期局限颇多，要么靠雇主勉强施舍（如果他们肯的话），与其他同事协调休假时间也比较困难，因此价值就比较低。美国宣传组织“找回你的时间”执行官约翰.德.格拉芙如是说道。
The returns on work are also potentially much higher in America, at least for those with a college degree. This is because taxes and transfer payments do far less to bridge the gap between rich and poor than in other wealthy nations, such as Britain, France and Ireland. The struggle to earn a place on that narrow pedestal encourages people to slave away for incomparably long hours. “In America the consequences of not being at the top are so dramatic that the rat race is exacerbated,” says Joseph Stiglitz, a Nobel prize-winning economist. “In a winner-takes-all society you would expect this time crunch.”
在美国，工作带来的回报也相对较高，至少对那些有大学文凭的人来说是这样的。这是因为税收和转移支付并不能减小贫富差距，而在其他如英国，法国和爱尔兰等富裕国家，这些方法还是有效的。努力取得职场地位激励着人们长时间的辛苦工作。诺贝尔奖得主，经济学家约瑟夫.斯蒂格利茨称:”在美国不取得事业的高峰十分严重，下等阶层的日子相当不好过，在一个讲究成功的社会，时间这么紧巴巴也是可想而知的。“
So rising wages, rising costs, diminishing job security and more demanding, rewarding work are all squeezing leisure time—at least for the fortunate few for whom work-time is actually worth something. But without a doubt the noisiest grumbles come from working parents, not least the well-educated ones. Time-use data reveals why these people never have enough time: not only are they working the longest hours, on average, but they are also spending the most time with their children.
上涨的工资，花费，工作的安全系数降低，高要求高回报的工作，这一切都占据着人们的空闲时间——至少对少数人来说，工作时间实际上很有价值。但毫无疑问抱怨声最大的是双职工家庭，而不是高学历人群。使用时间数据揭示了为什么这些人的时间永远不够用：平均来说，他们不仅工作时间最久，而且花在陪孩子上的时间也最多。
American mothers with a college degree, for example, spend roughly 4.5 hours more per week on child care than mothers with no education beyond high school. This gap persists even when the better-educated mother works outside the home, as she is now likely to do, according to research from Jonathan Guryan and Erik Hurst of the University of Chicago, and Melissa Kearney of the University of Maryland. As for fathers, those with a job and a college degree spend far more time with their children than fathers ever used to, and 105% more time than their less-educated male peers. These patterns can be found around the world, particularly in relatively rich countries.
根据芝加哥大学的乔纳森.葛延和艾瑞克.赫斯特，以及马里兰大学的玛丽莎.科尔尼的调查，以有大学文凭的美国妈妈为例，她们每周花在照顾孩子上的时间比那些学历没达到高中的妈妈们要多大约4.5小时。即便这些高学历妈妈们外出工作了，这种差距依然存在。至于爸爸们，那些有大学文凭并且在职的爸爸们陪孩子的时间远远多于从前，比学历不高的爸爸们要多了105%。这些现象在全世界范围内都有，特别是在那些相对富裕的国家。
If their leisure time is so scarce, why are these people spending so much of it doting on their sprogs, shepherding them from tutors to recitals to football games? Why aren’t successful professionals outsourcing more of the child-rearing? There are several reasons for this. The first is that people say they find it far more meaningful than time spent doing most other things, including paid work; and if today’s professionals value their time at work more than yesterday’s did, presumably they feel the time they spend parenting is more valuable still. Another reason is that parents—and above all educated parents—are having children later in life, which puts them in a better position emotionally and financially to make a more serious investment. When children are deliberately sought, sometimes expensively so, parenting feels more rewarding, even if this is just a confirmation bias.
如果这些父母们的空闲时间已经这么少了，为什么还要花那么多时间来宠爱自己的孩子呢，带他们去各种培训班，培养他们唱歌跳舞，带他们去踢足球？为什么这些成功人士不雇人来帮他们照顾孩子呢？有几个原因解释这个现象。其一是，他们认为陪伴孩子的时间比做任何其他事情都要有意义，这其中也包括上班；如果当代的职场人认为工作时间比从前重要，那么想必他们认为教育孩子更为重要。其二是，父母们，特别是高学历的父母们，通常生孩子都比较晚，因此他们在情感上和经济上都更愿意为孩子投资。当养育孩子花费不菲时，父母们感到回报更多，即便这个只是他们的确认偏见。
A mother’s work一个母亲的工作
Though women do less work around the house than they used to, the jobs they do tend to be the never-ending ones
尽管女人们做的家事比从前少了，但她们做的事情却是那些永无止境的事情
The rise in female employment also seems to have coincided with (or perhaps precipitated) a similarly steep rise in standards for what it means to be a good parent, and especially a good mother. Niggling feelings of guilt and ambivalence over working outside the home, together with some social pressures, compel many women to try to fulfil idealised notions of motherhood as well, says Judy Wajcman, a sociology professor at the London School of Economics and author of a new book, “Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism”.
女性就业率的上升恰逢（或者说是突如其来的）如何成为好父母，特别是好妈妈，这个标准的急剧增加。伦敦经济学院的社会学教授朱迪.瓦克曼称，在外工作产生的愧疚感和矛盾心理，以及一些社会压力，促使女性们想要尽可能实现理想化的好妈妈角色。她刚发布了一本新书，书名为“时间紧迫:数字资本主义时代的快节奏生活“。
The struggle to “have it all” may be a fairly privileged modern challenge. But it bears noting that even in professional dual-income households, mothers still handle the lion’s share of parenting—particularly the daily, routine jobs that never feel finished. Attentive fathers handle more of the enjoyable tasks, such as taking children to games and playing sports, while mothers are stuck with most of the feeding, cleaning and nagging. Though women do less work around the house than they used to, the jobs they do tend to be the never-ending ones, like tidying, cooking and laundry. Well-educated men chip in far more than their fathers ever did, and more than their less-educated peers, but still put in only half as much time as women do. And men tend to do the discrete tasks that are more easily crossed off lists, such as mowing lawns or fixing things round the house. All of this helps explain why time for mothers, and especially working mothers, always feels scarce. “Working mothers with young children are the most time-scarce segment of society,” says Geoffrey Godbey, a time-use expert at Penn State University.
努力去“拥有一切“或许是现代社会所尊享的挑战。但值得一提的是，即便是双职工家庭，妈妈们在养育孩子方面所花的时间比重依然很大——特别是那些每天都要做的事情，似乎永远不会完结。顾家的爸爸们大多只要做一些轻松的事情，如带孩子玩游戏，做运动，而妈妈们则要负责喂饭，清洁和操心孩子。尽管女人们做的家事比从前少了，但她们做的事情却是那些永无止境的事情，如打扫，煮饭和洗衣服。高学历的男士们为家庭付出的时间比从前多，也比学历不高的男士多，但比起女人们付出的时间仍然少了一半。并且男人们做的家事比较分散，做好就完事了，如修建草坪或在家里修修补补。以上这些情况解释了为什么时间对于妈妈们，特别是在职妈妈们显得如此稀缺。宾夕法尼亚州立大学的时间使用专家杰弗里.戈德比说:”孩子还小的在职妈妈是社会上时间最稀缺的一类人。”
Parents also now have far more insight into how children learn and develop, so they have more tools (and fears) as they groom their children for adulthood. This reinforces another reason why well-off people are investing so much time in parenthood: preparing children to succeed is the best way to transfer privilege from one generation to the next. Now that people are living longer, parents are less likely to pass on a big financial bundle when they die. So the best way to ensure the prosperity of one’s children is to provide the education and skills needed to get ahead, particularly as this human capital grows ever more important for success. This helps explain why privileged parents spend so much time worrying over schools and chauffeuring their children to résumé-enhancing activities. “Parents are now afraid of doing less than their neighbours,” observes Philip Cohen, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland who studies contemporary families. “It can feel like an arms race.”
如今父母们对于孩子如何学习和成长更有远见了，因此他们在准备孩子进入成年期时，有更多的工具（和担忧）。这也更加揭示了为什么生活优越的父母会花那么多时间养育孩子：为孩子做好成功的准备是将社会地位传给下一代的最好方式。如今人们的寿命延长了，因此父母死前留给下一代一大笔财产的可能性不是很大，最好的方式是确保为孩子提供让他们取得成功的教育和技能，特别是如今人力资本对取得成功越发重要。这也就解释了为什么那些有权有势的父母们那么费心的为孩子择校，并载着孩子到处参加让简历出彩的课外活动。马里兰大学研究现代家庭的社会学教授菲利普.科恩观察到“如今父母们都怕比邻居做的少，感觉好像一场装备竞赛。”
No time to lose刻不容缓
Leisure time is now the stuff of myth. Some are cursed with too much. Others find it too costly to enjoy. Many spend their spare moments staring at a screen of some kind, even though doing other things (visiting friends, volunteering at a church) tends to make people happier. Not a few presume they will cash in on all their stored leisure time when they finally retire, whenever that may be. In the meantime, being busy has its rewards. Otherwise why would people go to such trouble?
如今，闲暇时间是一个神话。有些人因为太多而遭了报应，有些人觉得享受它实在太高昂。很多人在有空的一刻也盯着屏幕，尽管做其他事情会让人们更开心（看望朋友，在教堂做义工）。不少人假想他们会在退休的时候兑回他们的闲暇时间，无论那是何时。与此同时，忙碌是有回报的，不然人们为什么都要深陷其中呢？
Alas time, ultimately, is a strange and slippery resource, easily traded, visible only when it passes and often most highly valued when it is gone. No one has ever complained of having too much of it. Instead, most people worry over how it flies, and wonder where it goes. Cruelly, it runs away faster as people get older, as each accumulating year grows less significant, proportionally, but also less vivid. Experiences become less novel and more habitual. The years soon bleed together and end up rushing past, with the most vibrant memories tucked somewhere near the beginning. And of course the more one tries to hold on to something, the swifter it seems to go.
所以时间啊，归根结底是一个奇怪而抓不住的东西，极易被用作他用，只有在流逝时才看得见，通常也只有在逝去后才更觉珍贵。从没人抱怨时间太多，大多数人忧虑为什么时间流逝的这么快，它到哪里去了。残酷的是，人长越大时间过的越快，随着年复一年，岁月变得不那么重要，相应的也不那么生动。经历的事不再新奇，更多的是习惯。一年年重叠在一起然后很快逝去，那些最鲜活的记忆则停留在刚开始。诚然，若是越想抓住某样东西，这样东西流逝的就越快。
Writing in the first century, Seneca was startled by how little people seemed to value their lives as they were living them—how busy, terribly busy, everyone seemed to be, mortal in their fears, immortal in their desires and wasteful of their time. He noticed how even wealthy people hustled their lives along, ruing their fortune, anticipating a time in the future when they would rest. “People are frugal in guarding their personal property; but as soon as it comes to squandering time they are most wasteful of the one thing in which it is right to be stingy,” he observed in “On the Shortness of Life”, perhaps the very first time-management self-help book. Time on Earth may be uncertain and fleeting, but nearly everyone has enough of it to take some deep breaths, think deep thoughts and smell some roses, deeply. “Life is long if you know how to use it,” he counselled.
塞内卡惊诧于人们在活着时多么不珍惜他们的生活，他在世纪元年写道——每个人都显得很忙碌，特别忙碌，担忧是世人都有的，但他们的欲望和挥霍时间却是不朽的。他注意到就连有钱人也过着忙碌的生活，悲叹着他们的财富，期待着将来他们能休息的时候。他在“生命短暂”中写道：“人们对自己的财产总是小心节省；但一旦可以挥霍时间他们就极力浪费，而时间恰恰是需要节约使用的东西。”这恐怕是最早的时间管理自助书了。时间或许无常易逝，但绝大多数人都有足够的时间用来深呼吸，深思考，深深的闻一闻玫瑰花香。“如果你知道如何利用时间，那生命可以很绵长，”他劝诫道。
Nearly 2,000 years later, de Grazia offered similar advice. Modern life, that leisure-squandering, money-hoarding, grindstone-nosing, frippery-buying business, left him exasperated. He saw that everyone everywhere was running, running, running, but to where? For what? People were trading their time for all sorts of things, but was the exchange worth it? He closed his 1962 tome, “Of Time, Work and Leisure”, with a prescription:
“Lean back under a tree, put your arms behind your head, wonder at the pass we’ve come to, smile and remember that the beginnings and ends of man’s every great enterprise are untidy.”
大约2000年后，德.葛拉齐亚给出了相同的劝诫。滥用休闲时间，用力存钱，拼命工作，无谓的购买，这样的现代生活让他痛苦。他看到无论在哪里，所有人都在奔跑，奔跑，奔跑，但跑去哪呢？为了什么呢？人们用时间换取各种东西，但这种交换值得吗？1962年，他在著作“论时间，工作和休闲”中给出了一个处方：
“倚靠在一颗树下，手枕着头，想一下所有带你走到此地的过去，微笑着回忆所有的开始以及所有伟业的完结，一切显得凌乱。”
From the print edition: Christmas Specials
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