漢武帝(前 141-前 87 年)以前,自玉門、陽關至葱嶺(Pamir,帕米尓)之間,即今之新疆一 帶,咸稱為西域。之後對西方的地理知 識漸廣,西域含蓋範圍隨之擴大。最後 連印度全部,亦通稱為西域。在這廣大 區域中,興起之國度比方說
大月氏( Tukha?ra, 覩貨羅)、????? [ tukhāra ] [ tukhāra ] ( often spelt [ tu?āra ] see also [ tu?kh° ] and [ tukkh ° ] ) m. pl. N. of a people (northwest of Madhya-de?a) 中印度西北附近
安息(Parthia)
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran, also known as ancient Persia. 波斯（伊朗）
康居(Kirgiz, 黠??戛斯)
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country located in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. 吉爾吉斯斯坦
粟特(Sogdiana)
Sogdiana, ancient country of Central Asia centring on the fertile valley of the Zeravshan River, in modern Uzbekistan. Excavations have shown that Sogdiana was probably settled between 1000 and 500 bc and that it then passed under Achaemenian rule. It was later attacked by Alexander the Great and may have been included in the Bactrian Greek kingdom until the invasions of Saka and Yuezhi peoples in the 2nd century bc. Sogdiana remained a prosperous centre until the Mongol invasions. Under the Sāmānid dynasty (9th–10th century ad) it was an eastern focal point of Islamic civilization. 乌兹别克
于闐(Khotan,和闐)
The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient Buddhist kingdom that was located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim basin. (The area lies in present day Xinjiang, China.) 新疆塔克拉瑪干沙漠附近
龜茲(Kucha, 庫車)
Kucha or Kuche (also: Ku?ar, Kuchar; Uyghur ?????, Chinese Simplified: 龟兹; Traditional: 龜茲; pinyin Qiūcí; also romanized as Qiuzi, Qiuci, Chiu-tzu, Kiu-che, Kuei-tzu from the traditional Chinese forms 屈支 屈茨; 龜玆; 龟兹, 丘玆, also Po (bai in pinyin?); Sanskrit: Kucina, Standard Tibetan: Kutsahiyui)[1] was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River. (The area lies in present day Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China; Kuqa City itself is the county seat of that prefecture's Kuqa County). 新疆阿克蘇
罽賓(Kas?mira, 迦濕彌羅)
Kasmira was a kingdom identified as the Kashmir Valley along the Jhelum River of the modern Jammu and Kashmir state. Possibly, the sage Kashyapa or a descendant of this sage lived here, since the name Kas is derived from the name Kashyapa like the name Caspian of the Caspian Sea. During the epic ages this was one among the territories of the Naga race. The Naga are related to Kashyapa; according to the Puranas, the Naga race originated from Kashyapa. The Kasmiras were allies of the Kuru king. Kasmira is mentioned as a kingdom of ancient India (Bharata Varsha) along with the Sindhu, the Sauviras, the Gandharvas, the Darsakas, the Abhisaras, the Utulas, the Saivalas, the Valhikas, and the Darvis. Then again there are the Sudras, the Abhiras, the Dardas, the Kasmiras, and the Pattis .查謨和克什米爾附近
諸國,佛教曾最盛行,它是印度佛教與中國佛教之媒 介,南北朝以前,來中國之傳道者、譯 經師、殆皆上述諸國之沙門或居士。以 上六國不僅為中國佛教之發源地,且久 已為西域各地佛教之中心阿克蘇。如大月氏在 一千五百年前,尚居西域各地佛教界之 中心地位,安息、康居受其影響而為佛 教國度;即中國佛教,最初亦由大月氏 輸入。罽賓則在一千五百年前為北印度 佛教界之中心地,于闐與龜茲約一千年 前,亦為今之新疆境內所謂南北兩道各 佛教界之中心地
健馱羅 (Gandha?ra)
Gandhara is also an ancient name for Peshawar, Pakistan.
Gandhāra (Pashto: ???????, Urdu: ????????, Sanskrit: ??????) was an ancient kingdom in the Swat and Kabul river valleys and the Pothohar Plateau, in modern-day northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan.[1] Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "city of men",and Takshashila
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the Vedic period (c. 1500-500 BC) to the 11th century AD. As a center of Buddhist culture, it attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Kushan Kings. The Persian term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni[4] to refer to the ruling dynasty[5] that took over from the Kabul Shahi[6] and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 AD, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.阿富汗東北巴基斯坦北方附近
疏勒(Kashgar, 喀什噶 尔)
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis county-level city with approximately 350,000 residents and is the westernmost Chinese city, located near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.喀什，塔吉克斯坦和吉爾吉斯斯坦附近
高昌(Turfan,吐魯番)
