ASTM E 2014-11 金相实验室安全指南-2
10. Chemical Safety（化学品安全）
10.1 Before using or mixing any chemicals, read and understand all product labels and pertinent and most current MSDS. The appropriate type of protective clothing will depend on the task being performed and the chemicals used. (as per the applicable MSDS).
10.1.1 The hazards involved with handling chemicals are numerous and often specific to the chemicals being used. It is advisable that users are aware if there are dangers (with or without an odor) that are visible or invisible, with immediate or long term consequences.
10.2 The safe use, storage, and disposal of chemicals become more complex whenever they are combined or mixed. Experimentation with new combinations of chemical reagents is not recommended unless conducted by a person knowledgeable in chemistry. Table 2 shows some chemicals often encountered in a metallography laboratory known to be incompatible with one another.
TABLE 2 Listing of Some Chemical Combinations Known to be Dangerous Encountered in Metallographic Laboratories
表2 金相实验室会遇到的一些已知的危险化学品组合的清单
Chemical
化学品
Do Not Mix with the Following：
不要和下列化学品混合：
Use in Metallography
金相室的用途
Acetic acid
乙酸
Glycol乙二醇, hydroxyl compounds羟基化合物, nitric acid硝酸, peroxides过氧化物, permanganates高锰酸盐
Chemical polishing
化学抛光
Acetone
丙酮
Concentrated solutions of nitric and sulfuric acids
浓硝酸和浓硫酸溶液
Degreasing, cleaning, etchants
脱脂，清洗，蚀刻剂
Chromic acid
铬酸
Acetic anhydride醋酸酐, flammable liquids易燃液体, glycerol甘油
Electropolishing
电解抛光
Hydrogen peroxide
过氧化氢（双氧水）
Flammable liquids易燃液体, organic materials有机材料
Chemical polishing化学抛光, etchants腐蚀剂
Nitric acid (concentrated)
硝酸（浓）
Acetic acid醋酸, chromic acid铬酸, flammable liquids易燃液体, higher alcohols高级醇
Chemical polishing化学抛光, etchants腐蚀剂
Perchloric acid
高氯酸
Acetic anhydride醋酐, alcohol酒精, some organics某些有机物, oil and grease油和油脂
Electropolishing电解抛光
Sulfuric acid
硫酸
Methanol甲醇, chlorate氯酸盐, perchlorate and permanganate compounds高氯酸盐和高锰酸盐化合物
Etchants腐蚀剂
10.1 使用或混合任何化学品之前，一定要阅读和理解所有的产品标签和相关的、最新的MSDS。适当的防护衣物的类型应当取决于正在执行的任务和使用的化学品。（根据相关、适用的MSDS）。
10.1.1 包括搬运（装卸）化学品，危险很多，而且，往往具体到正在使用的化学品。用户有涉及危险方面的知识，比如，如果有危险（有或没有气味），是有形或无形的，即时或长期的后果，这是最好的。
10.2 当化学品结合或混合后，其安全使用，储存，处置会变得更加复杂。不推荐尝试新的组合化学试剂，除非由一个化学知识非常渊博的人进行。表2列出了一些已知的在金相实验室经常遇到的相互不兼容的一些化学品。
10.2.1 It is recommended to only mix small quantities and to store them in glass-stopper bottles. Exceptions include fluorides and strong alkaline solutions, which must be stored in polyethylene or another appropriate container recommended by the manufacturer for that specific chemical. Replace evaporated chemicals, if needed, to maintain filled capacity.
10.2.2 It is a recommended practice to not store incompatible chemicals in the same cabinet.
10.2.3 Ventilated (connected to a fume hood), fire or explosion proof cabinets may be required. Consult the most current MSDS for storage recommendations.
10.2.4 It is a good practice to dispose of spent or exhausted chemicals promptly, following all applicable regulations. Keep track of the shelf life of all chemicals.
10.2.1 建议，仅混合少量并存储在玻璃塞瓶中。例外情况，包括氟化物和碱性强的溶液，它们必须储存在聚乙烯或其他制造商针对特殊化学品所建议的合适的容器内。取代蒸发的化学品，如果需要，保持满容量。
10.2.2 一个推荐的做法是，不相容的化学品不要存储在同一橱柜中。
10.2.3 可能需要通风（连接到通风柜），防火、防爆柜。化学品的存储建议咨询最新的MSDS。
10.2.4 按照所有适用的法规，倾向于完全处理掉或及时用完，这是一个很好的做法。关注所有化学品的货架寿命（已存储时间）。
10.3 Specific Chemical Precautions. Paragraphs 10.3.1- 10.3.12 give specific safety situations that are often encountered in a metallographic laboratory and known to be dangerous.
10.3.1 The addition of sulfuric acid to water produces an extremely exothermic (heat generated) reaction. The solution must be cooled during mixing. While cooling, the acid must be slowly poured into the water or solvent with constant stirring. Spattering of the solution must be avoided. Concentrated and dilute solutions (anything less than 100 % concentrated) of sulfuric acid strongly attack the skin, are very hygroscopic, and vigorously attack most plastics.
10.3.2 The addition of crystalline chromium trioxide to water forms chromic acid；a strong oxidizing agent. The reaction liberates free oxygen, which can be an incendiary in the presence of oxidizable materials.
10.3.2.1 Chromic acid cannot be safely mixed with acetic acid or most organic liquids, such as alcohols or glycerol.
10.3.2.2 Chromic acid solutions cannot be used in contact with plastic parts as it will cause their eventual destruction.
10.3.2.3 Prevent chromic acid contact with the skin since repeated exposure to even dilute solutions will cause persistent and painful ulcers that are slow to heal.
10.3.2.4 Chromium trioxide is poisonous to humans and is a carcinogen.
10.3 特殊化学品的注意事项。 10.3.1- 10.3.12段，给出了在金相实验室经常遇到并且已知有危险的特殊的安全情况。
10.3.1 将硫酸加入水中会形成一个剧烈放热（产生热量）反应。溶液在混合时必须得到有效的冷却。而冷却就是，酸必须慢慢倒入水或溶剂中；同时，不断搅拌。必须避免溶液的飞溅。浓硫酸和稀硫酸（任何小于100％浓度）会强烈损害皮肤，都非常容易吸水，并强烈破坏大多数的塑料。
10.3.2 将三氧化铬晶体加入水中可以形成铬酸，一种强氧化剂。反应会放出游离态氧，它会与存在的容易氧化的材料结合。
10.3.2.1 铬酸不能安全的与醋酸或醇或甘油等多数有机液体进行混合。
10.3.2.2 铬酸溶液不能用于与塑料部件接触，因为这将导致部件最终销毁。
10.3.2.3 防止皮肤与铬酸接触，甚至换成稀溶液如果反复接触，都会导致持久性和疼痛性溃疡，愈合缓慢。
10.3.2.4 三氧化铬对人体有毒害，是一种致癌物质。
10.3.3 When preparing solutions containing mixed acids, salts in water, or solutions with organics, the acid must be added slowly to the solvent with constant stirring.
10.3.4 Prevent skin contact with acid fluorides since exposure to them, which may pass unnoticed at the time, will result in serious burns later. Extreme caution must be used when handling hydrofluoric acid. The use of a full face shield, HF resistant (neoprene) apron and arm-length gloves are strongly recommended when handling concentrated HF acid.
10.3.4.1 Hydrofluoric acid will ulcerate the skin if not immediately washed off with water. Flushing the area with water must be followed by the use of a neutralizing cream, such as calcium gluconate gel (following the recommended instructions – note that calcium gluconate has a fairly short shelf life and must be regularly replenished), after which a physician must be immediately consulted. If left untreated, the acid will continue to penetrate the soft tissue until sequestered by combining with the calcium in the bone.. In severe cases sufficient calcium can be depleted from the body to provoke cardiac arrest.
10.3.4.2 Hydrofluoric acid attacks glass and must therefore be used and stored only in containers made of polyethylene or TFE-fluorocarbon.
10.3.5 In mixtures containing anhydrous aluminum chloride, extreme care must be exercised. The reaction between this compound and water during mixing can be violent (exothermic – produces heat).
10.3.6 Chromates and dichromates cannot be safely mixed with most organic liquids but can be mixed with saturated organic acids. Prevent contact with the skin.
10.3.7 The use of cyanide compounds by anyone not properly trained and familiar with them is extremely dangerous. Cyanides are among the quickest acting and most potent poisons that are likely to be encountered in the laboratory. Cyanide is so quick-acting and deadly that the administration of an antidote is usually ineffectual. Extreme care must be taken so that no droplet of solution or salt crystal is ever left around where it can be accidently ingested.
10.3.8 Solutions containing alkali hydroxides aggressively attack the skin, so avoid contact. Their dissolution in water produces heat.
10.3.3 当准备的溶液中包括混合酸、盐的水溶液，或含有机物的溶液时，必须将酸慢慢地加入到不断搅拌的溶剂中。
10.3.4 防止酸性氟化物与皮肤接触，因为置身其中，可能会忽视时间问题，将导致之后严重烧伤。处理氢氟酸时，必须格外小心使用。强烈建议，处理浓氢氟酸时，使用一个完整的面罩，搬运弄氢氟酸时，建议穿戴耐HF（氯丁橡胶）围裙，以及与手臂一样长的手套。
10.3.4.1 如果不立即用清水洗净，氢氟酸将使皮肤溃烂。冲洗水的区域必须随后使用中和霜，如葡萄糖酸钙凝胶（以下建议说明 - 注意，葡萄糖酸钙有一个相当短的保质期，并必须定期补充），之后必须立即咨询医生。如果不及时治疗，酸会继??续渗透，直到穿透软组织与骨中的钙结合为止......在严重的情况下，足够的钙质可以从身体耗尽，引发心跳骤停。
10.3.4.2 氢氟酸会蚀刻玻璃，因此必须仅在聚乙烯或聚四氟乙烯氟碳制成的容器中使用、储存。
10.3.5 含无水三氯化铝的混合物，必须格外小心。这种化合物与水的混合过程中的反应是非常剧烈的（放热 - 产生热量）。
10.3.6 铬酸盐，重铬酸盐不能安全地与大多数有机液体混合，但可以和饱和有机酸混合。防止皮肤接触。
10.3.7 没有适当的训练，并与他们熟悉的任何人使用氰化物都是极其危险的。氢化物，可能是在实验室中遇到的发作最快、毒性最有力的毒药。氰化物的发作之快，以至致死，有关的解毒剂，通常是无效的。必须非常谨慎，不要将溶液的液滴或盐晶体遗留在可以偶然摄入的周边区域。
10.3.8 含有碱金属氢氧化物的溶液，侵蚀皮肤，所以要避免接触。他们在水中的溶解会产生热量。
10.3.9 Hydroxides must be added to water slowly until the desired concentration is reached. If the temperature becomes excessive, allow the solution to cool to ambient before adding more hydroxide.
10.3.10 Mixtures of nitric acid and methanol are relatively safe. Mixtures of up to 33 % nitric acid can be stored safely. When mixing, always add the acid slowly to the alcohol with constant stirring.
10.3.10.1 Nitric acid cannot be safely stored in a tightly stoppered bottle with any higher alcohol than methanol except in very dilute solutions. For example, do not store solutions of more than 3<usb> % nitric acid in ethanol. Under certain conditions, extremely unstable or explosive nitro compounds such as azides or fulminates can be formed in alcohol base nitric acid solutions. The spontaneous decomposition of the mixture can also be catalyzed by impurities or heat.
10.3.10.2 Solutions containing more than 3<usb> % nitric acid in an alcohol other than methanol have to be discarded as soon as they have served their immediate purpose. Due to their dangerous nature, if their use cannot be avoided, use only small quantities electrolytically.
10.3.10.3 Nitric acid dried in cotton can yield gun cotton which is potentially explosive. Rinse the cotton thoroughly in water to remove residual acid. Do not dispose in municipal waste.
10.3.11 When dry, picric acid is a dangerous explosive. Purchase only small quantities. Drying of the material must be avoided during handling, storage, and disposal. If a bottle of dry picric acid is found, contact the local bomb disposal resources. Do not attempt to move the bottle.
10.3.11.1 Picric acid in ethanol can be stored safely as long as the ethanol is not allowed to evaporate completely, including, for example, crusting in an etching beaker, on a counter top, or at the top of a storage container.
10.3.11.2 Cautionary statements concerning the use of perchloric acid can be found in 11.5.
10.3.12 Refer to section 14 for Chemical Spill controls.
10.4 Recommended chemistries, procedures, and practices for macroetching and microetching can be found in Test Method E340 and Practice E407, respectively.
10.3.9 氢氧化物必须被缓慢加入水中，直到达到所需的浓度。如果温度变得过高，让溶液冷却到环境之后，再继续加入更多的氢氧化物。
10.3.10 硝酸和甲醇的混合物，是相对安全的。高达33％硝酸含量的混合物可以安全储存。混合时，总是慢慢将酸加入酒精，并不断搅拌。
10.3.10.1 即使是甲醇，较高的酒精比会使硝酸不能被安全地存放在塞紧的磨口瓶中，除非溶液很稀。例如，不要储存超过3 <USB>％的硝酸乙醇溶液。在一定条件下，极不稳定或爆炸性硝基化合物，如叠氮化物或雷汞，可形成于醇基硝酸溶液中。杂质催化或加热，可以使混合物自发分解。
10.3.10.2 除了甲醇，超过3 <USB>％的硝酸酒精溶液，一旦完成他们的既定目标，必须都被丢弃。由于其危险性，如果不能避免其使用，只使用少量电解。
10.3.10.3 硝酸在棉花中干燥，可以形成具有潜在爆炸性的枪棉（火棉）。用水彻底冲洗棉花，以除去残留的酸。不要像城市垃圾一样处置。
10.3.11 干燥时，苦味酸是一个危险的炸药。只购买少量。在使用、存储和处置过程中必须避免材料的干燥发生。如果发现一瓶干燥的苦味酸，请联系当地的炸弹处理部门。不要试图移动瓶子。
10.3.11.1只要乙醇不允许完全蒸发，苦味酸乙醇可安全储存；例如包括，不要在蚀刻烧杯中、台面上以及储存容器的顶部，结痂。
10.3.11.2 有关使用高氯酸的警示性声明中可以在11.5中找到。
10.3.12 化学品泄漏控制参阅section 14。
10.4 宏观蚀刻与微观蚀刻所涉及的化学物质，程序和做法，推荐从测试方法E340和实践E407中分别获取。
11. Electrolytic Polishing/Etching（电解抛光/蚀刻）
11.1 Many electrolytes used for polishing and etching can be extremely dangerous if handled carelessly. Read and understand the pertinent and most current MSDS for all chemicals before any electrolyte is mixed or used.
11.2 Wear safety glasses and protective gloves when electrolytic polishing, etching, and preparing the solutions. A laboratory coat is also advisable.
11.3 With a few exceptions, most electrolytes have to be mixed and stored in clean glass containers. Exceptions include fluorides and strong alkaline solutions, which must be stored in polyethylene or another appropriate container recommended by the manufacturer for that specific chemical.
11.4 Electrolytes must never be allowed to concentrate due to evaporation. As soon as they exceed their usefulness, immediately discard electrolytes following all applicable regulations.
11.5 Safety Precautions for Electrolytes Containing Perchloric Acid:
11.5.1 Electrolytes containing perchloric and acetic anhydride are very dangerous to mix and can be unpredictable in use. Many research laboratories, industrial firms, and local governments forbid the use of such mixtures. Their use is not recommended.
11.5.2 When mixing perchloric acid and glacial acetic acid, the perchloric must be added to the acetic acid with stirring. Solution temperatures must never be allowed to exceed 29°C (85°F). Plastic material is susceptible to damage from these chemicals and is not recommended.
11.5.3 Electrolytes composed of perchloric acid and alcohol, with or without other organic additions, are safe to mix, provided the following safety precautions are followed.
11.5.3.1 Electro-polishing specimens or mounting materials containing bismuth in perchloric acid solutions is not recommended as reaction with Bi could result in an explosion.
11.5.3.2 Similarly, specimens mounted in organic mounting compounds, such as Bakelite (phenolic resins), must not be electro-polished in electrolytes containing perchloric acid as they may also react explosively.
11.5.3.3 Special fume hoods with sidewall water curtains for perchloric acid manipulation and use are available.
11.5.4 Electrolytes composed of phosphoric acid in water or an organic solvent are generally quite easy to prepare. During mixing, the acid must be slowly poured into the water or solvent with constant stirring to prevent the formation of a heavy layer of acid at the bottom of the vessel.
11.6 Recommended electro-polishing practices and a listing of electrolytes commonly encountered in metallography can be found in Guide E1558.
11.1 用于抛光和蚀刻的许多电解质如果处理不慎，可能是非常危险的。任何电解液混合或使用之前，阅读、了解所有化学品相关（恰当）的和最新的MSDS。
11.2 电解抛光、蚀刻以及准备溶液的时候，佩戴防护眼镜和防护手套。实验室外套也最好穿上。
11.3 除少数例外，大多数电解质必须在干净的玻璃容器中混合及储存。例外情况包括氟化物和强碱性溶液，它必须储存在聚乙烯或其他化学物质的制造商针对具体化学品所建议的合适的容器内。
11.4 电解质决不允许由于蒸发而浓缩。只要他们超过其效用，立即按照适用法规（条例）放弃所有的电解质。
11.5 含高氯酸电解质的安全注意事项：
11.5.1 含有高氯酸和醋酸酐的电解质的混合是非常危险的，而且在使用中也无法预知。许多研究实验室，工业企业和地方政府，禁止使用这种混合物。他们混合的电解质不推荐使用。
11.5.2 当混合高氯酸和冰醋酸，高氯酸必须被添加到醋酸中，同时要搅拌。溶液温度绝不能超过29°C（85°F）。塑料材料是容易受到这些化学物质的损害，不建议使用这种电解质。
11.5.3 提供以下安全防范措施之后，有或没有其他有机物的补充，高氯酸与酒精的电解质混合时，是安全的。
11.5.3.1 电解抛光样品或镶嵌材料中含有铋，不建议使用高氯酸溶液；因为，与Bi 反应可能会导致爆炸。
11.5.3.2 同样，在有机镶嵌化合物，如电木（酚醛树脂），所镶嵌的样品，绝对不能在含有高氯酸的电解质中电解抛光，因为他们的反应也可能爆炸
11.5.3.3 建议，在高氯酸配置、使用过程中，采用带侧壁水帘的专门通风柜。
11.5.4 磷酸在水或有机溶剂中组成的电解质一般都是很容易准备。混合过程中，酸必须慢慢倒入水或溶剂中，并不断搅拌，以防止在容器底部形成一个重酸层。
11.6 推荐的电解抛光的做法和金相中经常会遇到的电解质的列表，可以在指南E1558中找到。
12. Sulfur Printing（硫印）
12.1 The sulfur printing procedure exposes the operator to hazards associated with grinding, chemicals, and photographic solutions. Therefore, refer to those sections for additional safety precautions.
12.2 Personal Protective Equipment—Many different types of personal protective equipment are recommended for the sulfur printing process. For the initial handling and grinding of the specimen: safety glasses or a face shield, safety shoes, and protective gloves. When dealing with the sulfuric acid solution: safety glasses, sulfuric acid resistant gloves, and a laboratory coat.
12.3 Any contact with concentrated sulfuric acid must be avoided. When mixing the dilute sulfuric acid solution the concentrated sulfuric acid must be added to the water very slowly with constant stirring. When mixed with water, substantial heat will be generated. The use of tongs is strongly recommended when handling the print in the acid solution.
12.4 Sulfuric acid is extremely reactive with strong oxidizing agents.
12.5 Prolonged exposure to the solution can cause skin and eye irritation. An easily accessible emergency eyewash station and shower is recommended.
12.6 Recommendations for preparing sulfur prints for macrostructural examination can be found in Practice E1180.
12.1 硫印步骤使操作者暴露于和磨光、化学品和摄影溶液有关系的危险中。因此，参考那些章节作为额外的安全措施。
12.2 个人防护装备--许多不同类型的个人防护装备推荐用于硫印过程。对于初步处理和试样的磨削：安全防护眼镜或面罩，安全鞋，防护手套。当处理硫酸溶液时：安全眼镜，耐硫酸手套，和一件实验室外套。
12.3 必须避免与浓硫酸的任何接触。配置（混合）稀硫酸溶液时，必须将浓硫酸非常缓慢地加入水中，并不断搅拌。与水混合时，会产生大量热量。强烈建议在酸溶液中处理相纸时使用钳子。
12.4 硫酸活性强，是强氧化剂。
12.5 长时间暴露于试剂中，可能会导致皮肤和眼睛不适。建议设立一个方便的紧急洗眼站和淋浴装置。
12.6 建议在准备硫印宏观结构检查时，可以参考实践E1180中的内容。
13. Laboratory Ventilation/Fume Hoods（实验室通风/通风橱）
13.1 Air needs to be circulated into a laboratory from a non-laboratory source and then exhausted to the outside of the building. Exhaust ventilation is located such that other ventilation devices do not inhibit its operation. Exhaust filters need to be cleaned or changed at regular intervals.
13.1.1 Any exhaust ventilation system is installed in accordance with any applicable statutory regulations.
13.1.2 Duct work material and fan components need to be selected as a function of the type of dust or fume that it will be exposed to. The duct work and fan require periodic inspection for checking the presence of corrosion and accumulations.
13.2 It is recommended for any procedures that produce unpleasant odors or potentially hazardous fumes, vapors, or gases or both to be carried out in a fume hood. If corrosive emissions are produced, the hood should be lined with a corrosion-resistant material.
13.2.1 Fume hood emissions need to be exhausted outside the building in such a manner as to avoid any possible entry into building air intakes, and be far removed from outside pedestrian traffic areas.
13.2.2 Typically, fume hoods are not designed to provide protection from explosions. When flammable liquids or compressed gasses are used, a negative air pressure needs to be maintained in the laboratory environment.
13.2.3 Exhaust velocities have to be sufficient to minimize any deposition of emissions in the system and to prevent any escape of emissions from the hood face into the lab., but low enough to prevent vortices from forming in front of the technician, and to satisfy all applicable regulations. It is good practice to periodically check the capture velocity of emissions at the hood face. Velocities need be in the range from 0,4 to 0,6 m/s (80 to 120 feet per minute). Smoke testing can be used to ensure adequate capture and to locate any dead or turbulent areas.
13.2.3.1 Fume hood efficiency is affected by how far the front face window is lowered. Read and understand the manufacturer’s operating instructions before using a fume hood.
13.2.4 Perform periodic maintenance in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. If deficiencies are noted during inspection, terminate any activity using the hood until repairs are made. A visual lock-out procedure is recommended to ensure that the ventilation / fume hood is not inadvertently used.
13.2.5 Periodic maintenance should be performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. If deficiencies are noted during inspection, any activity using the hood should be terminated until repairs are made.
13.2.6 In situations in which toxic gasses are being used, a low airflow or loss-of-airflow alarm system needs to be installed to warn personnel of a change in exhaust capacity.
13.1 空气需要循环进入实验室，从非实验室来源输送到实验室，然后排出建设外。排气通风要安置于其他通风设备不抑制其运作的位置。排气过滤器需要定期清洗或更换。
13.1.1 任何排气通风系统安装，要遵循所有适用的法律法规。
13.1.2 管道材料和风扇组件的选择，需要考虑他们具有可以暴露于灰尘或油烟中的性能。管道和风机需要定期检查，检查其存在的腐蚀和沉积。
13.2 任何产生难闻的气味或潜在的有害烟雾，蒸气或气体或两者同时出现的工作过程，建议在通风柜内进行。如果有腐蚀性排放，排风罩应内衬耐腐蚀材料。
13.2.1 通风橱排放需要以这样的方式排出到建设外：以避免任何可能进入到建筑内的进气口，远离外面的行人交通区域。
13.2.2 通常，通风橱的设计不会在发生爆炸时提供保护。使用易燃液体或压缩气体时，需要在实验室环境中保持负压。
13.2.3 排气速度要足够，以尽量减少任何系统中排放的沉积和任何从通风橱前窗逸出进入实验室。但足够低，以防止在技术人员面前形成的旋涡，并满足所有适用的规则。定期检查在通风橱前面的气体排放搜集速度是很好的做法。速度需要在0.4~0.6米/秒（每分钟80至120英尺）的范围。冒烟测试可以使用，以确保足够的捕获和找到任何死亡或动荡的地区。
13.2.3.1 通风柜效率受到前面窗口降低多少的影响。使用通风橱前阅读并理解制造商的操作说明。
13.2.4 按照制造商的指示执行定期维护。如果在检查过程中发现问题，终止需要使用通风装置的任何活动，直至修复。建议使用一个可视化锁定程序，以确保通风/通风柜不会无意间（不慎）使用。
13.2.5 应按照制造商的指示进行定期保养。如果在检查过程中发现问题，使用通风装置的任何活动应终止，直至修复。
13.2.6 在使用有毒气体的情况下，需要安装低空气流动或空气流动静止报警系统，以警告工作人员排气量的改变。
