and含义小探
and 在英语中是像空气一样存在的小小词，却有大大用。细看一下它的强大内在也是很有趣的一次学习之旅。让我们开始吧！
1. 表示同位关系，用来指同一事、同一人或同一概念的两个名词
1) 在这种用法中，and前后的名词表示一个整体，冠词只能位于and前的名词前，and后的名词前不能用冠词。
Germany in World War II put forward the slogan of "no butter and bread, only aircraft and cannon".
二战的德国提出了“不要黄油和面包，只要飞机和大炮”的口号。
Spaghetti and meat sauce is a favorite dish with our employees.
拌肉酱的通心粉是我们伙计们最喜欢的食物。
The poet and novelist is his father.
那位诗人兼小说家是他爸爸。
When correcting, pay close attention to the seventh and last graph in the translation.
改稿时请密切注意译文的第七段，即最后一段。
We have come to the last and most important step of the experiment.
我们的实验现在已经到了最后一个也是最重要的一个阶段。
2) 作主语时，谓语动词要求用单数。
Early to bed and early to rise makes you healthy ,wealthy and wise.
早睡和早起都能让你保持健康、富有和聪明。
How do you find the fish and potato?It's tasty.
你觉得这份鱼烧土豆怎么样？味道好极了。
2.表示递进关系，用于指重复、动作的持续或程度的增加及加强语气
1) 连接两个相同的比较级，表示“越来越……”
The voice became fainter and fainter.
声音变得越来越模糊不清了。
Your work is getting better and better.
你的工作干得越来越好了。
2)连接两个相同的动词，表示动作的反复或连续
He coughed and coughed.
他咳个不停。
He tried and tried but without success.
他试了又试，但没有成功。
3) 连接两个相同的名词，表示“许多”或“有各种各样的” (即有好的也有坏的)
They talked for hours and hours.
他们谈了很长时间。
I like city life but there are cities and cities.
我喜欢城市生活，但也有城市和城市之分。
3.表示结果
1)用在祈使句后，表示结果，意为“那么”(暗示一种结果)
Persevere, and you will succeed.
假如你坚韧不拔，你一定会成功。
Work hard and you’ll pass the examinations
努力吧，你考试会及格的。
Arrive late once more and you’re fired .
再迟到一次，就把你开除。
One more step and I will fire.
你再动一步，我就要开枪了。
2)and前面的部分表示原因或条件，后面的部分表示结果，反之亦然；
Sound is carried by air, and without air there can be no sound.
声音靠空气传播，因此没有空气也就没有声音。
Aluminium is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough.
因为铝质轻而韧性好，所以被用作制造飞机和宇宙飞船的工程材料。
3）and连接的两个句子成分之间，前后也可能有这种因果关系
Reproduction provides new generations and makes possible the continuation of race.
繁殖产生新的后代，从而使种族得以延续。
4.表修饰关系：nice/ good/ fine /big / lovely / rare +and + ...作“多么，非常”解
Everyone arrived nice and early.
大家都早早地到了。
I won't go until I'm good and ready.
我要完全准备就绪后才走。
The grass is fine and tall.
草长得很高。
The boss was always big and busy.
老板总是很忙。
It was a lovely and warm day.
那是很暖和的一天。
Well，I’m rare and glad to see you.
哦，见到你我真高兴。
5. 表示并列关系，常用来连接单个的词、短语或分句，
1)两个同时发生的事情或存在的状态 , 意为“和，与，及，同，又……又”
Read it slowly and clearly.
读的要慢，要清楚。
If a body is acted upon by a number of forces and still remains motionless, the body is said to be in equilibrium.
如果一个物体受到几个力的作用而仍然保持静止，那么该物体处于平衡状态。
2)and前后的两部分表示不能同时并存的事物或动作, 意为“或”
The whole equipment can be assembled and dismantled in a matter of hours.
整套设备可以在几小时内安装或拆卸完毕。
6 . 表承接关系，说明动作的先后
She came in and took her coat off.
她进来脱了外套。
Tom took out the key and opened the door.
汤姆拿出钥匙，打开了门。
7 . 表示增补和强调，意为“而且，并且”。
She has lent me one of her new books, and the latest one in her collection.
她借给我一本新书，而且是她收藏的书中最新的一本。
8 . 表示对比，意为“而”。
He is lazy and his brother is diligent.
他很懒，而他的弟弟很勤奋。
9. 表示目的，多位于come、go、hurry up、run、stay、stop、try等词之后，and 在此相当于不定式符号 to
Allow me to go and measure the pressure again.
请允许我再测一次压力。
He told me that he would come and help with our design when his work was over.
他告诉我，他忙完后，会来帮助我们进行设计。
We will try and get one tomorrow.
我们明天设法弄一个来。
We ought to stop and think.
我们应该停下来想一想。
10. 表示让步意义
Several disadvantages tend to limit the use of hydraulic controls and they do offer many distinct advantages.
液压控制虽有许多突出的优点，但也存在一些缺陷，使其应用范围受到了限制。
11 . 表示相加，用在数字或数学概念中
Six and seven is thirteen. 六加七等于十三。
On the average, oceans are two and one third miles deep.
海洋的平均深度为二又三分之一英里。
12.表示评注或解释，用于介绍或评论问题
John can’t go with us, and that’s too bad.
约翰不能和我们一起去，这真是太糟糕。
“We talked for hours.” “And what did you decide?”
“我们谈了几个小时。” “你做了什么决定？”
I cooked lunch. And I made a cake. (= you are emphasizing how much you have done)
我做了午饭，还做了一个蛋糕。
And besides, he or she has seen many students stupider than you, so nothing you're gong to ask will set the record for stupidity.
此外，他或她见过许多比你更愚蠢的学生，所以你要问什么都不会创造愚蠢的记录。
13.某些用 and 连接的两个词，与汉语顺序相反，不要按汉语词序颠倒过来。如：
rich and poor 贫富 land and water 水陆right and left 左右
north and south 南北food and drink 饮食
注意：
1)某些用and连接的两个部分，貌似不可思议：
You have to send in the composition and without delay.
你必须立即发送作文，一刻也不能耽误。
类似的：They looked around for the necklace, but without luck.
他们四处寻找那条项链，但毫无结果。
2) and 连接的两部分在形式上可能有所不同，但本质上是一致的：
He goes to work out frequently and with his friends.
他经常和朋友一起去锻炼。
They used to walk in the garden leisurely and in peace.
他们常常在花园里悠闲地散步。
3) 准确区分and的连接成分对正确把握句子意义重大
Advertisements persuade us that newer is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.(and连接两个宾语从句)
广告说服我们，更新的会更好，我们会对最新的产品更满意。
After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously. (and连接有三层：fear and dislike; oftener and more adventurously; to try and to get )
在教了四年的五年级课程后，我决定不惜一切代价来摆脱他们对书籍的恐惧和厌恶，让他们更经常、更冒险地阅读。
4) and 连接的句子可转换成很多其它句式：
The weather being fine, we went out for a walk.
The weather was fine, and we went out for a walk.
天气晴朗，我们出去散了步。
In the classroom there are five people, the teacher included.
In the classroom there are five people, and the teacher was included.
教室里包括老师有五个人。
He has two children, both of whom are naughty.
He has two children, and both of them are naughty.
他有两个小孩，都很顽皮。
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train.
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured which meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train.
在第一次跑马拉松的前一个月，我的一个脚踝受伤了，这意味着我有两周不跑，只剩下两周的训练时间。
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