书法的演化与印风蜕变
Evolution of Calligraphy and Changes in Seal Styles
文字书法形态在东汉晚期再度孕育重大的变化。东晋玺印文字的走向依然继续着历史的惯性，因而在当时书法大背景之中显出遗世独立的性格。北方诸族建立的十六国政权更迭频促，汉印规范开始出现疏解趋势。简率凌厉的印风占据了东晋十六国时期的主流。
The late Eastern Han Dynasty saw many significant changes in the calligraphic form of Chinese characters. Seal characters still followed a line of historical continuity. Therefore, seen against the contemporary calligraphy, seal characters evolved in its own independent way. Political powers of the Sixteen Kingdoms established by vassals in the North changed hands frequently. Seals of the Han began to appear in a normative form. Conciseness and sharpness became the main features of seal characters of the Sixteen Kingdoms.
三国·魏，《正始石经》（局部）
Stone Sutras of the Zheng Shi Reign(正始石经)(detail). Wei Kingdom, Three Kingdoms Period
社会通行文字由隶书取代秦篆的地位以后，经过二百多年的延续，终于发展成楷书与行书两种新书体。篆书随着这一演变过程黯然离开公众的视野。虽然在官方或上层所立的石刻中有所保留，如天玺元年(276年)的《天发神谶碑》和魏正始年间立于洛阳太学的《正始石经》，但已是不无追怀色彩的挽歌。《正始石经》的建立还体现着上层的一种文化尊崇态度与对艺术传承的理想，力图以此保存社会记忆，并作为书法的示范。
The common characters, after the replacement of Qin zhuan script by li clerical or official script, experienced 200 years of continuity before finally developing two new styles, namely kai standard script and xing running script. In the process of evolution, zhuan script slipped from view. Although preserved in carved stones erected by government or the elite, like the Stele of Heaven’s Prophesy(天发神谶碑)of year 276 and Stone Sutras of the Zheng Shi Reigh erected at Luoyang Imperial College during the reign of the Wei Emperor Zheng Shi(r.240-249), zhuan became an archaic and nostalgic style of calligraphy. The erecting of Stone Sutras of the Zheng Shi Reigh also embodies the upper class’s respect for culture, their ideal of artistic heritage, trying, through this effort, to preserve social memory, and to make a calligraphy role model.
文字演变有它的法则。一旦文化生态与社会环境发生激变，印风变动的节奏也就不再舒缓。
The evolution of characters has its own rules. Once cultural habitat and social environment take a radical turn, the tempo will also quicken in changing seal styles.
本文节选自孙慰祖：《中国印章-历史与艺术》，外文出版社，2010年。
Sun Weizu: The History and Art of Chinese Seals, Foreign Languages Press, 2010
责任编辑：戴梦岚
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