【双语印章史】唐代私印的风格分化

2016-07-19 西泠印社

唐代私印的风格分化

Stylistic Differences in Tang Dynasty Private Seals

楷书印文在唐代是具有民间色彩的形式。唐代藏经上所见印记如“净土寺藏经”、“开元寺大藏经”即是严谨的楷书形体。这是一种苟简的、更为近民众的制作风格。在官印的范畴内，此种倾向需要制度的接纳和支持，但于私印，则相对自由而易于推开风气。唐代私印篆书风格虽然离开堂皇、研美的境界还有很长一段路要走，但匀整的气象已经表现出来。宋元时代的大行其道的所谓“圆朱文”印风，在唐代开始酝酿。李阳冰为代表的名家篆书，也开始获得主导篆书艺术风格走向的地位。北宋徐铉、徐锴的篆法与两宋印风演变之间的关系，尤其证明了此种主导作用的存在。

In the Tang Dynasty, Kai standard script was style with a thoroughly civilian feel to it. The seal impressions on Buddhist scriptures such as "Collection of Buddhist Scriptures of Jingtu Temple" and "Tripitaka of Kaiyuan Temple" are in strict standard script. This is the style of a slipshod purpose of production, one closer to the common people. With the framework of the official seals, this kind of tendency needed the acceptanceand support of system. By contrast, private seals were relatively free, and it was easier for them to defy convention. Although the Tang zhuan script still had a long way to go to reach grandiosity and beauty, neatness and order was already apparent. The "round red-ink charaters" seal style which was popular in the Song and Yuan times was already brewing in the Tang Dynasty. The zhuan script of accomplished masters, represented by Li Yangbing, clearly won trend-leading status in seal character art. In partivular, the relationship between the zhuan style of Xu Xuan and Xu Kai of the Northern Song and evolution of seal styles in the Northern and Southern Song dynasties prove the existence of such a leading role. 

▲唐，方砖上的“左忠”印记

Tang Dynasty, "Zuo Zhong" stampted

1995年至1996年初隋唐东都洛阳城外廓城砖瓦窑址清理出的方砖上，抑有楷书“左忠”二字，戳印有边栏，长方形，印文笔法方俊，顿挫分明。次窑址的上限不超过隋大业元年(605年)，下线不晚于唐开元十九年（731年）。

Between 1995and 1996 at the brick kiln site of the outer city walls of Luoyang, eastern capital of the Sui and Tang dynasties, bricks being sorted were discovered to have the two characters "Zuo Zhong" stampted on them. The seal is rectangular with a frame. The distinct pause and press technique. The earliest possible date for kiln site is 605, the first year of Emperor Da Ye of the Sui Dynasty, and the lastest is 731, the 19^th year of Tang Emperor Kai Yuan.

▲唐，“始封于鄫”

Tang Dynasty, "First Conferred in Zeng"

▲唐，“洞山墨君”铜

Tang Dynasty, Bronze "Gentleman with Chinese Ink on the Cave Mountain"

唐中晚期印风渐趋端稳，与其时名家篆书风气的浸润不无关系。“洞山墨君”、“始封于鄫”等私印，以及唐五代书画遗址上的若干印记，力图避免官印的自然简慢作风，印风趋于妥适平稳，篆法比较圆熟，便体现出此种艺术氛围的影响。

The steal style of mid-to late –Tang period gradually tended to be stable, which had much to do with the zhuan style of accomplished masters at the time permeating widely. Private seals such as "Gentleman with Chinese Ink on the Cave Mountain" and "First Conferred in Zeng" as well as some seal imprints on the remains of calligraphy and paintings of the Tang and Five Dynasties try to avoid the natural and concise style of official seals.

本文节选自孙慰祖：《中国印章-历史与艺术》，外文出版社，2010年。

Sun Weizu: The History and Art of Chinese Seals, Foreign Languages Press, 2010