Caesar 在传统拉丁语里本来就读/kajsar/,而且传统拉丁语里C没有/s/只有/k/的发音。
转录到英文里之后,才发生变化。
英文里在中古英语里部分软腭音/k/受到逐渐硬腭化成/?/,之后逐渐再向前齿龈化成/?/,最后成/s/。所以C在后元音a,o,u前面还基本保持/k/这个音,而C后面跟e,i,这些前元音,就基本发/s/了。
从凯撒衍生出的“皇帝”的头衔,也能看出/k/的发音在大部分欧洲语言里保留下来(参考wiki):
日耳曼语族(k的发音完全保留):
Danish: Kejser & Kejserinde;
Dutch: Keizer & Keizerin;
German: Kaiser & Kaiserin;
Icelandic: Keisari & Keisaraynja;
Faroese: Keisari & Keisarinna;
Norwegian: Keiser & Keiserinne;
Swedish: Kejsare & Kejsarinna
Old English: cāsere
斯拉夫-波罗的语族(硬腭及齿龈化明显,大部分发/ts/):
Belarusian: Tsar & Tsarytsa
Bulgarian: Цар & Царица (Tsar & Tsaritsa);
Croatian: Car & Carica (c is read ts);
Czech: Císa? & Císa?ovna;
Latvian: ?eizars & ?eizariene;
Macedonian: Ка?сар & Ка?сарица (Kajsar & Kajsarica c is read ts)
Polish: Cesarz & Cesarzowa;
Russian: Царь & Царица, Czar & Czaritsa (archaic transliteration), Tsar & Tsaritsa
Serbian: Цар & Царица (Tsar & Tsaritsa)
Slovak: Cisár & Cisárovná;
Slovene: Cesar & Cesarica;
亚非语系:
Arabic: Qaysar ????
Hebrew: Keisár ???? & Keisarít ??????;
印度伊朗语族:
Persian: Ghaysar ????
Urdu: Qaysar ???? used in the title "Kaiser-i-Hind" ("Emperor of India") during the British Raj
南高加索语系:
Georgian: Keisari
突厥语族:
Turkish: Kayser (historical), Sezar (modern).
乌拉尔语系:
Estonian: Keiser & Keisrinna;
Finnish: Keisari & Keisarinna or Keisaritar;
Hungarian: Császár & Császárn?;
南岛语系:
Bahasa Indonesia: Kaisar;
阿尔巴尼亚语:
Albanian: ?ezar & Qesarin?;
亚美尼亚语:
Armenian: ????? Kaysr, and ???????????? Kaysrutiun meaning empire;
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