［编译介绍：潘潘，泽邸导师。北大文艺女中年，喜欢远方，也能诗意地栖息于眼前的苟且。爱园艺，以园丁精神育儿，但求耕耘，天成自然。两个女儿的妈妈。］
美国学生阅读大数据报告
What kids are reading ：how they grow
—Renaissance Learning 2015-2016学年大数据报告
背景介绍：
RenaissanceLearning是一家美国云教育软件公司，成立于1986年，创始人最初的目的是开发一个阅读软件鼓励自己的孩子提升阅读。公司2014年获得谷歌4千万美元的投资。目前在Renaissance 公司数据库储存了近31000所美国学校的九百九十万个美国学生的的超过3亿本书和文章的阅读记录，其提供的软件包含学习测评软件、教师用的教学软件和学生用的涉及阅读、数学的相关学习软件。随着云计算技术的发展，当前公司的教育软件都已搬上了云端，并形成了以大数据驱动的教学方案，提升学习效率。
报告摘要：
☆Think of any skill—piano, carpentry,cooking, algebra, basketball. What do they have in common? As cognitivescientist Daniel Willingham has said, “It is virtually impossible to becomeproficient at a mental
task withoutextended practice” . This is certainly true of reading.认知研究学者指出任何技巧性的学习如钢琴、木工、烹饪、篮球等都需要大量的练习。阅读也不例外。
☆To become great readers, students needhigh-quality instruction and other supports, but reading volume (time) is alsonon-negotiable. Experts who study skill acquisition know kids must dedicate sufficienttime to practice, and that this time is best spent if students have set goals,work at the optimal level of challenge, receive immediate relevant feedback,and have opportunities to elaborate on what they
are learning.High exposure to words is crucial in developing vocabulary,
fluency,comprehension, writing, and higher-order thinking skills.
学生要在阅读上有所收获，需要高水平的指导和支持，投入的阅读时间同样是至关重要的。在阅读时间内获得最佳学习效果需要以下几方面来实现：确定目标，选择最有挑战的难度，及时收到相关的反馈，以及对所学知识有机会深入探究。对于词汇积累、语言流利运用、理解力、写作和高层次的思维技巧等方面的发展，大量和广泛的阅读至关重要。
☆How does reading each day impact kids’exposure to words over time?Reading is a long-term investment invocabulary exposure. We care about how much time studentsspend reading each day because it tells us a lot about their word exposure. Forstudents to build and strengthen their vocabularies, they need repeatedexposure to words in a variety of contexts. An important way students get thatexposure is largely through
reading—everyday.
Our data showthat, over time, the collective impact of spending a few extra minutes readingeach day can be astonishing. As shown above, the majority of students read forless than 15 minutes per day, meaning
they willfinish their schooling having been exposed to only 1.5 million words. Thoughthis sounds like a lot of words, the kids who spend more than 30 minutesreading each day encounter a whopping 13.7 million
words over thecourse of their schooling, a difference of more than 12 million words.
长期来看，每天坚持阅读对孩子产生怎样的影响？阅读是一项长期的投资。我们关注孩子每天阅读的时间，因为它具有重要的意义，孩子的词汇量的增长和强化是需要在不同的文本中重复和加强，只有通过每天的阅读才能实现。
数据显示，每天多阅读几分钟，长期坚持，聚沙成塔，所产生的效果是十分惊人的。大部分学生每天阅读少于15分钟，在完成中学学业之后，他们在阅读中读到的总词汇是150万个。虽然这个数字听上去也非常可观，可是对比一下每天阅读30分钟的学生，他们最终接触到1370万个词汇，几乎是每天仅仅阅读15分钟学生的9倍。
☆As students prepare to move on tohigher levels of learning or into the workforce, nonfiction and informationaltexts help broaden their knowledge and understanding of the world around them.New rigorous academic standards stress that kids should read and comprehend awide variety of text types(literary, nonfiction, poetry, and so forth), andinformational texts are seen as particularly important.
Likewise, thereading framework for the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP,2015) is often cited as a desirable mix of fiction and nonfiction reading forstudents. NAEP aims for 50% of reading
in grade 4 tobe nonfiction, 55% in grade 8, and then 70% in grade 12. Our data show kidscontinue to fall far short of these grade targets at 26%, 21%, and 21%,respectively.
当学生们进入高等院校学习或者进入工作岗位，非虚构类和知识性的书籍可以扩展他们的知识面，加深对世界的认知。新的学术要求强调学生要阅读理解多种文本（文学类，非虚构文学，诗歌等），尤其是知识性的文本。美国国家教育进步评测机构（NAEP）提出的文学类与非文学类的阅读比例架构被认为是一个理想的参照标准：非文学类比例，4年级50%，8年级55%，12年级70%。但是现状是：4年级24%，8年级34%，12年级49%。
Most popularnonfiction reading nationwide, grades 6–8
全国6至8年级非文学类作品阅读，各州阅读量最多的作品
...七年...
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