“六经”理论与五运六气的关系

◆近现代中医界由于摒弃了运气学说，对中医基本理论中的许多重要概念已经说不清楚了。事实上，六经辨证是中医基础理论中极为重要的内容，六经的存废非同小可！

◆三阴三阳的概念不搞清楚，六经的实质就永远是个谜。三阴三阳既是对自然界阴阳离合的六个时空段的划分，也是对人体气化六种状态的表述。

◆三阴三阳的开、阖、枢，决定了“六经”各自的属性和不同特点。从五运六气的角度来看六经，有关六经的一些难题，大多可得到较为合理的解释。

已故中医学家方药中先生曾指出：五运六气学说“是中医理论的基础和渊源”。近现代的中医界，由于摒弃了运气学说，对中医基本理论中的许多重要概念已经说不清楚了，“六经”问题就是一个典型例子。有人认为“六经辨证实即八纲辨证，六经名称本来可废”，甚而批评张仲景《伤寒论》“沿用六经以名篇，又未免美中不足”。事实上，六经辨证是中医基础理论中极为重要的内容，六经的存废非同小可！本文拟据运气理论对六经辨证的原义和实质试作阐释，藉此说明运气学说的重要意义。

探求“六经”实质关键在对“三阴三阳”的理解

中医学中将疾病分属三阴三阳(太阳、阳明、少阳，太阴、少阴、厥阴)进行辨证论治的方法，习称“六经辨证”。《黄帝内经素问·热论》首先将热病分作三阴三阳六个阶段；至东汉张仲景的《伤寒论》，以三阴三阳为辨证纲领，树立了中医辨证论治的光辉典范，对中医学的发展产生了极大影响。但是，“六经”的实质是什么，后世医家颇多争议。

讨论六经实质，关键在对“三阴三阳”的理解。目前通常的解释认为：三阴三阳是阴阳的再分，事物由阴阳两仪各生太少（太阴、少阴，太阳、少阳）而为四象，进而又分化出非太非少的阳明和厥阴，形成三阴三阳。有人认为，《素问·热论》的六经以表里分阴阳，《伤寒论》六经则以寒热分阴阳。若按此理解，三阴三阳表达的仅是寒热的甚微和表里的深浅。但作为辨证纲领的六经，并没有把热象最著或阳气最盛的病叫太阳病，也没有把寒象最重或阳气将绝，抑或传变到最里的病叫太阴病。且太阳主表，何以不联系主皮毛的肺卫而与膀胱配应？为什么温邪外感就不是先犯太阳？太阴若为阴之极，为什么《伤寒论》太阴病提纲云：“太阴之为病，腹满而吐，食不下，自利益甚，时腹自痛。”讲的仅是一般脾胃消化道症状？太阴病的第二条是“太阴中风，四肢烦痛”，第四条是“太阴病，脉浮者，可发汗，宜桂枝汤”，均不能以寒盛里极作解释。日本汉方医家把少阴病说成是“表阴证”，但《伤寒论》少阴病多亡阳危候，论中列出的“难治”、“不治”、“死”的条文就有8条之多，远较太阴和厥阴病深重，其证候性质能以“表阴”概括吗？等等此类的问题，显然不是简单的阴阳再分或八纲说所能解释清楚。

三阴三阳的概念不搞清楚，六经的实质就永远是个谜。

“三阴三阳”指自然界阴阳离合的六种状态

三阴三阳理论是中医阴阳学说的一大特色。《黄帝内经素问》论述三阴三阳的篇名叫“阴阳离合论”，这就明确指出了三阴三阳与“阴阳离合”密切相关。什么叫“阴阳离合”呢？《史记·历书》说：“以至子日当冬至，则阴阳离合之道行焉。”说明三阴三阳的划分是以一年中阴阳气的盛衰变化为依据的，三阴三阳表述的是自然界阴阳离合的六种状态。

《素问·阴阳离合论》云：“圣人南面而立，前曰广明，后曰太冲；太冲之地，名曰少阴；少阴之上，名曰太阳……广明之下，名曰太阴；太阴之前，名曰阳明……厥阴之表，名曰少阳。是故三阳之离合也，太阳为开，阳明为阖，少阳为枢……三阴之离合也，太阴为开，厥阴为阖，少阴为枢。”如图示。

三阳之开、阖、枢，为什么太阳为开，少阳为枢，阳明为阖？从上面图式中可以看到，太阳在东北方，冬至过后，正是阳气渐开之时，故为阳之“开”；阳明在西北方，阳气渐收，藏合于阴，故为阳之“阖”；少阳在东南方，夏至太阳回归，阴阳转枢于此，故为阳之“枢”。三阴之开、阖、枢同理：太阴在西南，夏至以后，阴气渐长，故为阴之“开”；厥阴居东向南，阴气渐消，并合于阳，故为阴之“阖”；少阴在正北方，冬至阴极而一阳生，故为阴之“枢”。

笔者认为，老子《道德经》中“三生万物”之“三”，指的就是自然之气的开、阖、枢。宇宙由太极生阴阳，阴阳之气有了开、阖、枢三种运动变化状态，于是化生万物。有人引用《周易·系辞》的天、地、人三才说来解释老子“三生万物”之三，但人是由“三”产生的万物之一，而不应是生成万物的不可缺少的基本元素，否则，没有人的地方的万物怎么产生呢？故以《周易·系辞》的“三才”来解释老子的“三生万物”，于理欠通。

三阴三阳开阖枢决定“六经”和“六经辨证”

三阴三阳的开、阖、枢，决定了“六经”各自的属性和不同特点。需要用五运六气在不同时空方位阴阳气的状态来理解三阴三阳。从五运六气的角度来看六经，以往六经理论中的一些难题，就大多可以得到较为合理的解释。例如：

风寒外感，何以先犯足太阳？为什么温邪外感又首先犯手太阴肺？按三阴三阳六气开阖枢方位，太阳在东北，阳气始开之位；太阴在西南，阴气始开之位。《素问·五运行大论》云：“风寒在下，燥热在上，湿气在中，火游行其间。”寒为阴邪，故风寒下受，宜乎先犯足太阳。温热在上，又属阳邪，故温邪上受，就要先犯手太阴。气分是阳明，营分血分是内入少阴。可见六经辨证和卫气营血辨证的理论基础都是三阴三阳，用三阴三阳模式就可以把两者统一起来。

《素问·六微旨大论》论标本中见曰：“少阳之上，火气治之，中见厥阴；阳明之上，燥气治之，中见太阴；太阳之上，寒气治之，中见少阴；厥阴之上，风气治之，中见少阳；少阴之上，热气治之，中见太阳；太阴之上，湿气治之，中见阳明。”六经表里相配：实则太阳，虚则少阴；实则阳明，虚则太阴；实则少阳，虚则厥阴。有人问：为什么不是太阳和太阴、少阳和少阴、阳明和厥阴互相中见和互为表里？试看上述三阴三阳开阖枢图，太阳与少阴同居北方，均含一水寒气；阳明与太阴同居西方，均含四金燥气；少阳与厥阴同居东方，均含三木风气。明白了这一关系，它们之间互相中见和互为表里的道理就容易理解了。

由此联系到中医的伏邪学说。前人认为寒邪“无不伏于少阴”。为什么伏于少阴呢？因少阴和太阳同处北方时位，寒邪从北方入侵，体实则从太阳而发（所谓“实则太阳”），体虚则心肾阳气受损，发病时呈现出少阴病特征，故称“邪伏少阴”。再看SARS，按“三年化疫”理论，病邪应属伏燥，燥邪多从西方犯太阴阳明之地，故SARS呈现出伏燥发于太阴而伤肺的特征。

《素问·热论》描述六经传变，只涉及足之六经而未及手六经。《伤寒论》的六经辨证，基本上继承了《素问·热论》六经的概念。经北宋朱肱的发挥，遂有“六经传足不传手”之说。后人对此多存疑问，不知其所以然。如方有执在《伤寒论条辨或问》中说：“手经之阴阳，居人身之半；足经之阴阳，亦居人身之半。若谓传一半不传一半，则是一身之中，当有病一半不病一半之人也。天下之病伤寒者，不为不多也，曾谓有人如此乎？”从阴阳离合的开、阖、枢方位可知，三阴三阳与经络的配应，确乎先从足六经开始的。

再从三阴三阳与脏腑的联系看，足六经与脏腑的关系是：太阳-膀胱，阳明-胃，少阳-胆，太阴-脾，少阴-肾，厥阴-肝。若谓六经模式由八纲辨证归纳而来，何以忽略了人体最重要的器官心和肺？从三阴三阳开阖枢方位图可知，心所处的正南和肺所处的正西都不是三阴三阳的正位。南北对冲，正北为少阴，故心称手少阴；少阴也缘心火而配属“君火”，少阴病多心肾阳衰证候。西方属太阴阳明之地，“实则阳明，虚则太阴”，肺称手太阴，辨证宜从阳明太阴中求之。

人气应天，“天有六气，人以三阴三阳而上奉之。”三阴三阳既是对自然界阴阳离合的六个时空段的划分，也是对人体气化六种状态的表述。三阴三阳在天为风木、君火、相火、湿土、燥金、寒水六气，在人则各一脏腑经络。清代医家张志聪《伤寒论集注·伤寒论本义》在阐述六经时云：“此皆论六气之化本于司天在泉五运六气之旨，未尝论及手足之经脉。”张氏强调六经是“六气之化”是对的，但“六经”不是经络而又不离经络；不是脏腑却可统脏腑。不是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六气，但又与风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火密切相关。正是有了三阴三阳辨证，故伤寒学家强调“伤寒之法可以推而治杂病”。“六经岂独伤寒之一病为然哉,病病皆然也。” 山西老中医李可治疗内科急危重症疑难病，常用六经辨证而获奇效。他的体会是：“伤寒六经辨证之法，统病机而执万病之牛耳，则万病无所遁形。”

学者认为，《伤寒论》中的方剂主要源自《汤液经法》，但为什么《汤液经法》未能像《伤寒论》那样对后世产生如此巨大的影响？原因在于张仲景发展了六经辨证体系。陶弘景的《辅行诀脏腑用药法要》也取材于《汤液经法》，但采用的是五行脏腑辨证模式，影响就远不如《伤寒论》而少有流传。讲《伤寒论》不能不讲六经辨证。可以说，没有六经辨证，就不会有《伤寒论》如此高的学术地位。

日本的古方派医生不重视《黄帝内经》，其代表人物吉益东洞甚而否定阴阳五行和脏腑经络学说，认为《伤寒论》“论不可取而方可用”。他们割裂《伤寒论》与《黄帝内经》的联系，不去研究《黄帝内经》中三阴三阳的深意，只研究《伤寒论》的方证和药方。日本古方派的观点在很大程度上影响了近现代中国的一些学者，“六经可废论”就是这一影响下的产物。

著名中医学家王永炎等将证候的动态演化性概括为“动态时空”特征，三阴三阳之间是有序的动态时空变化。三阴三阳辨证，可较好地反映疾病发生时内外环境整体变化的动态时空特征，绝非八纲辨证可以替代。

厘清“六经”理论与五运六气的关系，对正确理解和运用六经辨证，评估六经辨证的价值地位，具有极为重要的意义。

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