癌症免疫检查点疗法的现在和未来
研究人员初步证明了阻断CTLA-4和PD-1的效果后,临床治疗效果非常显著。这种疗法目前被我们普遍熟知的说法是 “免疫检查点疗法”(immune checkpoint therapy),这种疗法从根本上改变了尤其是癌症晚期患者的治疗结果。
不过,和其它癌症疗法类似,免疫检查点疗法也会产生严重的副作用,甚至会危及患者生命。这主要源于过度免疫反应诱发了自身免疫反应,不过这点通常是可以控制的。目前,研究人员正在深入研究以阐明该疗法的分子机制,他们希望未来能够改善该疗法,从而能够减小副作用。
在上述两种疗法中,PD-1检查点疗法被认为更优,在多种类型癌症的治疗过程中能够有效发挥作用,包括肺癌、肾癌、淋巴瘤和黑色素瘤等。最新的临床研究结果则显示,同时靶向作用CTLA-4和PD-1的联合疗法或许能够更加有效地治疗黑色素瘤患者。
因此,艾利森和本庶佑希望能够将不同的疗法结合来解除免疫系统的抑制,从而更加有效地消除肿瘤。目前研究人员正在对多种类型癌症进行大量的检查点疗法,新的检查点蛋白也正在作为靶点进行测试。
100多年以来,科学家们一直希望能够通过改进患者自身的机体免疫系统来抵御癌症。在这两位诺贝尔奖获奖者取得重大发现之前,癌症临床研究所取得的进展并不显著,如今,检查点疗法带来了彻底治愈癌症的曙光,同时也从根本上改变了我们看待癌症和管理癌症的模式。
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