The Statue of Liberty at 125 Years
自由女神像的125年
On October 28th, one of America''s most famous monuments will close to the public. A look back at how the Statue of Liberty came to be
10月28号，美国最著名的一座纪念物将对公众关闭。来回顾回顾自由女神像的过去吧。
Lady Liberty
Designed by the French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, "Liberty Enlightening the World," known popularly as the Statue of Liberty, was dedicated on October 28, 1886, but parts of it were shown prior to the final construction at various places and times in order to attract interest in the project and help to raise money for its completion. Pictured here, the statue''s completed head was exhibited at the Paris World''s Fair in 1878; the arm, bearing a torch, was displayed in Philadelphia in 1876 for the city''s Centennial Exhibition, and moved to Madison Square Park in New York City for several years afterwards.
由法国雕塑家弗里德利·奥古斯特·巴特勒迪设计，“自由照亮世界”，这句格言和自由女神一样为人所熟知，于1886年10月28日被题词于雕像，但为了吸引人们对这个项目的兴趣，和为其完工筹款，它的某些部分在最后完工前提前在各地展览多次。在此处的照片，是雕像已完工的头部，于1876年在巴黎世博会展出；手臂部分，于1876年在费城的建城百年纪念展中展出，而后几年里移到位于纽约的麦迪逊广场公园。
Hulton Archive
赫尔顿 阿奇夫
Portrait of the Artist
In creating the statue, the sculptor Bartholdi had hoped to present the United States with a commemorative gift on its centennial in 1876. After years of conversations about the statue, Bartholdi took his first trip to the United States in 1871. He hoped to select a location where the Statue of Liberty would be built, and later wrote Laboulaye excitedly that his choice—Bedloe island—was federal territory, a "land common to all the states," as he described the heavily trafficked island in New York harbor.
在创作雕像的时候，雕塑家巴特勒迪希望在1876年的百年庆典上展现给美国一个有纪念意义的礼物。之后几年为了雕像创作，巴特勒迪于1871年首次前往美国。他希望为将要建造的自由女神像选一个合适的安置地点，而后他兴奋地写信给拉布莱，告诉他地点选在联邦的领土---贝德罗岛，当巴特勒迪在纽约港口描述那个超级繁忙的小岛时，说道那是一片所有州共享的土地。
The Granger Collection
Liberty in the Workshop
建造中的女神像
Bartholdi was inspired in part by law professor and politician douard René de Laboulaye, who remarked that any monument raised to American independence should be a joint effort between French and American people. Though Laboulaye did not intend his after-dinner conversation to be taken as a formal proposal, he would become a strong ally of Bartholdi and crucial in rallying public support for the monument''s construction, the beginnings of which are pictured here in Bartholdi''s workshop, circa 1883.
巴特勒迪的灵感部分来源于法律教授和哲学家爱德华 雷尼 拉布莱，他曾说美国独立归功于法国和美国人民的共同努力。尽管拉布莱没有意料到他的饭后闲谈会被放到正式报到上，但他却因此变成巴特勒迪的坚定同盟以及为建造纪念雕像而集结公众支持的重要力量，下图摄于1883年，巴特勒迪的工作坊，雕像建造伊始。
The Granger Collection
Construction Challenges
建造中遇到的挑战
Political difficulties in France during the 1870s posed a challenge to raising the necessary funds to complete the other pieces of the statue. In France, the government authorized a lottery that drew 250,000 francs for the project in addition to donated copper. As construction progressed and funds were raised, construction began in Paris on the final statue. In 1881, Bartholdi approached Gustave Eiffel about designing the steel skeleton that would support the statue, and the torch was shipped back from New York to be reunited with the rest of the sculpture as it rose above the Paris skyline. Pictured above, the statue of liberty nears completion, circa 1883.
法国在19世纪70年代时期，政治上的纠葛对为完成雕像其余部分筹集必要的资金一事造成了困难。在法国，除了捐献铜币外，政府授权彩票中心为这个项目引资25万法郎。随着工程的进展和资金的筹集，在巴黎的雕像建造进入最后阶段。在1881年，巴特勒迪接触了古斯塔夫 埃菲尔关于钢铁骨架结构的设计，这个骨架将作为雕像的支撑，随着雕像在巴黎地平线上立起，为了和雕像其余部分重新组装，火炬部分也从纽约运了回来。上图摄于1883年，自由女神像将近完工。
The Granger Collection
An American Base of Support
底座支撑，美国制造
In America, the Panic of 1873 plunged the country into an economic depression that would continue for the next several years. After repeated attempts to allocate government funds for constructing the statue''s pedestal had been vetoed by congress, Joseph Pulitzer announced he would print the names of every contributor in his New York World and raised $102,000 within five months. As the pedestal''s construction progressed through the early 1880s, the Statue was disassembled in Paris and loaded aboard over 100 shipping containers to be taken overseas to New York. The pieces arrived in the U.S. on June 19th, 1885, and were assembled in time for an unveiling on 1886. Pictured here, the copper face awaits attachment to the main statue in 1885.
在美国，1873年的金融恐慌使整个国家陷入了经济萧条，这种情况在接下来几年持续不止。在为雕像建造基座使用政府拨款一事上，国会反复尝试投票，约瑟夫 普利策声言他会把每一位贡献者的名字都印在《纽约世界报》上，于是在5个月内，他筹集到了10万2千美元。在19世纪80年代早期，随着基座的建造，女神像在巴黎拆件装船，100多个装着雕像散件的集装箱集体运往纽约。雕像散件于1885年6月19日到达美国，并即时进行组装，以赶上1886年的揭幕仪式。下图摄于1885年，为等待组装主雕像的零部件。
Edwin Levick
The New Colossus
首次露面的巨像
The Statue of Liberty quickly became a symbol of freedom to immigrants and refugees, pictured, after its dedication in 1886. The statue''s location on Bedloe Island (renamed Liberty Island by an act of congress in 1956), in close proximity to the immigration port of Ellis Island, sealed its iconic status, as the statue was ofthe the first thing that many would see as they approached America
自由女神像很快成为了移民和难民的自由的标志。图摄于1886年雕像落成之时。雕像位于贝德罗岛（后由1956年国会法案重命名为自由之岛），极为靠近移民登陆港口埃利斯岛，为其作为标志性的雕像盖上烙印，因为这座雕像是许多人接近美国领土时会看见的第一样东西。
Hulton Archive
Liberty Leading the People
自由引领人民
As early as World War I, the federal government had latched on to the Statue of Liberty''s symbolic qualities, using its image to suggest a preservation of freedom through supporting America''s war effort. The statue appeared on recruitment posters, war bond advertisements, and even advertisements for stamps.
在一战早期，联邦政府抓住自由女神像的象征性特质，用她的形象鼓励保护自由，支持美国对外战争的努力。雕像出现在征兵海报，战时债券广告，甚至印章宣传上也有。
Horace Abrahams / Fox Photos
Passing the Torch
传递火炬
In 1938, the statue was closed from May until December for renovations that removed rust from the structure, added reinforced concrete steps to the base and installed copper sheathing to prevent damage from rainwater. As part of the renovation, workers removed spikes from the crown, above.
在1938年，因进行翻新，清理雕像生锈的地方，在基座增加钢筋混凝土和增加铜护套防止雨水的侵蚀，雕像从5月到12月对公众关闭。作为翻新的部分，工人们把冠支从她的头冠上移除。
Beatriz Schiller / Time & Life Pictures
American Bicentennial
美国的二百周年纪念庆典
In 1972, President Nixon dedicated the American Museum of Immigration, opened in the base of the Statue of Liberty, though shortcomings in funding its endowment closed the museum by 1991, when it was replaced by the current museum on Ellis Island. A new lighting system was installed prior to the American Bicentennial in 1976, when New York Harbor hosted Operation Sail which featured ships from around the world and a fireworks display around the statue.
在1972年，总统尼克松为美国移民博物馆致辞，博物馆在自由女神像脚下开张，尽管由于资金捐赠不足而使博物馆在1991年关门，但它由现在位于埃利斯岛的博物馆代替。当纽约港主持航海计划时，一个新的照明系统在1976年于美国二百周年纪念庆典前安装完毕，这个计划将迎接来自世界各国的船只，并在雕像周围燃放烟火。
Paul Demaria / AFP
Second Rennovation
二次翻新
President Ronald Reagan announced the creation of the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Centennial Commission to raise funds needed for restorations, the result of a study that found the right arm had been improperly attached and that the statue swayed substantially in strong winds. The torch, which had experienced leaks since 1916, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi''s design.
总统罗纳德 里根宣布自由女神像暨埃利斯岛百年纪念委员会的创设因翻新雕像需要筹募资金，这次翻新是因为右手臂部分的不恰当的附着和强风对雕像造成的影响。而火炬自1916年出现裂缝，已被有巴特勒迪设计的一个复制品替代。
Diana Walker / Time & Life Pictures
Reopening
重新开放
Nancy Reagan visited the statue on Independence day weekend in 1986 to reopen it to the public. The new and improved statue featured updated lighting that highlighted the pedestal and statue, a renovated entrance, and an elevator installed to allow handicapped visitors to access the observation deck in the pedestal.
南希 里根于1986年的独立日的周末参观了雕像，出席其重新对公众开放的仪式。新的改善了的雕像以最新的照明系统为特色，照明系统突出了基座和雕像，翻新的入口处，也安装了一个能让残疾人士进入基座的瞭望台的电梯。
David Drapkin
September 11th
9.11
The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center prompted the closing of the Statue of Liberty to visitors, due to security concerns; not only was access to the statue closed, but the island was also temporarily off limits to tourists. Access to Liberty Island was allowed by the end of 2001, but the pedestal and statue still remained closed, the pedestal reopening in 2004 and the full statue in 2009.
9月11日在世界商业中心发生的袭击事件使得自由女神像谢绝参观，这是出于安全因素考虑，不仅雕像对外关闭，整个岛也暂时禁止游客游览。2001年底，自由女神像才重新允许参观，但基座和雕像仍旧关闭，基座于2004年重新开放，而整座雕像于2009年才开放。
David Drapkin
Closure
雕像对外关闭
The last day to visit the Statue of Liberty before it closes for a year will be October 28, 2011, marking exactly 125 years after the dedication of the statue by President Grover Cleveland, though Liberty Island itself will remain open for the duration of the renovations. The statue will get an upgrade in its technological and electrical systems, and additional fire-resistant updates in its elevators and stairwells. The renovation costs will reach $27.25 million, according to Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, and the statue is scheduled to open once more to the public in October 2012.
自由女神像在其对外关闭前最后允许参观的一天是2011年10月28号，距总统格列夫 克里夫为雕像致辞整整125年，尽管自由之岛在翻新期间仍对外开放。雕像将在技术和电力系统上升级，另外电梯和楼梯井的防火设备也进行了升级。据内政部长肯 萨拉查透露，翻新的成本将高达二十七亿二千五百万，并且雕像计划再次对公众开放至2012年10月。
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