Abstract
摘要
Confronting the arrival of the information age, standing on furious tides of a high speed development, we seize the information technology as the most important arms to gain us a leading position in the information war. Every enterprise is the economical organization which pursues for interests and benefits normally. Especially, once one organization owns a big structure, its information management would become necessary for the need of development in the information era. In fact, the outcome of one enterprise information management has already been regarded as the key factor to adjust whether or not the undertaking could grow faster and more efficiently than ever. Regarded as the advanced methodology which is complied with a modern management philosophy in the comparative environment, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is considered as the most powerful weapon which can help an enterprise to accomplish the revolution of its development.
面对着信息时代的到来，和汹涌而来的高速发展，我们把信息技术当做能让我们在信息战中处于领先地位的重要工具。每一个企业都是追求利益的经济组织。特别的，当一个组织拥有一个庞大的组织结构时，为了信息领域发展的需要，它的信息管理将变得尤为必须。事实上，关于企业信息管理的结论已经被认为是一个企业能否发展更快更有效率的关键因素。而且也被认为是一个高级的，顺应可比较环境下的现代管理哲学的方法。企业资源规划（ERP）被看作是帮助企业完成发展革命的强有力的武器。
Another of those buzzwords that everyone talks of but no one seems to know much about. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is not just about planning your resources more about how the various divisions in your Enterprise function. An ERP solution aims to provide single software which will integrate all the divisions in your organization planning, manufacturing, sales, marketing, finance, HR and yet fulfill each division information and planning needs.
每个人都会说类似的流行词，但是似乎没有人深入的了解企业资源规划（ERP）并不仅仅规划你的资源，更关注于企业各个部门的功能。一个ERP解决方案只在提供一个单一的软件，该软件能够整合企业规划中所有的部门，生产，销售，市场，金融，人力资源同时满足每个部门的信息和规划要求。
(Appssolutions, 2005)
（企业应用解决方案，2005）
The research mainly answers questions on what ERP is, why it can be important in the sociality nowadays, what kind of position it takes in the enterprise; moreover, which role ERP plays?
这篇研究主要回答什么事ERP，为什么它在当今社会重要，它在企业当中所处的地位，以及EPR扮演什么角色。
Key words: MRPII、ERP、Case Study
关键词：MRPⅡ、ERP、Case Study
What is ERP?
什么是ERP？
There are various explanations from different people on ERP. Regardless the traditional angle of the functional management, it would reach a common agreement on the perspective of management characters of the Knowledge Economy Era. ERP is the initials of Enterprise Resource Planning. Confronting with the supply chain, It is the tool of management which can utilize information technologies in order to apply for features of the modern information economy era—Clients, Competition and Change; moreover, it can integrate all resources within and outside enterprises. ERP has remarkable features of this information age and re-defines the business processes of the undertaking. In the economic times it uses the new concept of Process to take the place of the bureaucracy management model in the old economic era, in order that it creates the management idea which put customers and staff on the core position.
不同人关于ERP有多种解释。不考虑功能管理的传统角度，它将会达成一个关于知识经济时代管理特点的观点的共识。ERP是企业资源规划的新成员。面对供给链，它是一个能够运用信息技术来获得知识经济时代特点的管理工具，这些特点包括客户、竞争和变革。进一步，它能够整合企业内外的一切资源。ERP拥有信息时代的显著特点，并且重新定义了企业的商业进程。在经济社会，它用一个关于进程的全新定义取代了旧经济时代的官僚式管理模型，为了创造出一种把顾客和员工放在核心地位的管理思路。
Thanks for the information technologies; the big amount of enterprises’ data can be shared. Using information to replace the stock, it decreases warehouse’s cost and risk; moreover, by means of computer, these basic data could be searched and analyzed so as to improve the speed and accuracy of decisions. It embodies the idea that can predict and plan in advance, control during the process, and calculate & analyze afterwards. In the knowledge economy times, ERP system emphasizes its Open Resources characters mostly. Therefore, it could increase the employment effectiveness of Human Resources and Time Resources, solve the problem of information overflow, and improve the precision of the decision-making.
感谢信息技术，大量的企业数据能够被分享。使用信息代替存货，降低了仓库的成本和风险。更进一步，通过使用计算机，这些基础数据能够能够被研究和分析为了提高决策的速度和准确性。它能够使预见性的想法和提前的规划具体化，通过控制进程，计算和分析过往数据。在知识经济时代，ERP系统突出强调了其开源性特点。因此，它能够提高人力资源和时间资源意义上的员工效率，解决信息过多带来的问题，提高决策是制定的精确性。
An ERP system basic includes:
一个ERP系统基本包括：
Supply chain management
提供管理链
Customer relations management
客户关系管理
Supplier relate the management
供应商管理
Product production cycle management
产品生产循环管理
Commercial intelligence
商业情报
Financial control
财务控制
Human resources management
人力资源管理
Profession solution
专业解决方案
Motion commerce
商业运作
And so on. ( Scott Hamilton,2003,p97)
其他（Scott Hamilton，2003，p97）
ERP has been created from the concept developed by Gartner Group which described manufacture business system and material requirement planning (MRP II) ( San Jin,2005 ). It will include client/sever structure, using graphic user interface and applying for opening system design. Besides the standard function set up already, it covers other characters: such as quality, process operation management, and reports adjustment, etc.. Especially, the basic technology adopted by ERP provides users independence both in software and hardware which could be upgraded more easily than ever (Stedman, C. 2005,p54 p55). The key factor of ERP is that it could tailor to all customers’ requirements and boast for its easy usage.
EPR是从高德纳咨询公司关于商业生产系统概念的发展和原料需求规划（MRPⅡ）（San Jin,2005）的理论中诞生的。它包括了终端机/服务器结构，使用图形用户界面和申请开放系统设计。除了已经建立的标准功能以外，它还涵盖了其他特点，诸如：质量、进程运行管理和调整报告等。特别的，ERP采用的基础技术提供了使用者独立的硬件和软件，意味着它能够比过去更容易的升级（Stedman,C.2005,p54 p55）。ERP的关键特点是它能够适应所有顾客的需求并且使用很简单。
There are four standard functions of ERP carried by Gartner Group: ( Khalid Sheikh, 2003,p80 )
高德纳咨询公司提到了ERP有四个基本功能：（Khalid Sheikh,2003,p80）
1. The Strong Integration function which exceeds to the range of MRP II.
1.比MRPⅡ更强大的整合功能
It contains the quality control, the laboratory management, the process management, the formulation management, the product data management, the maintenance management, the control report and the stock management.
它包括了质量管理，人力管理，进程管理，规划管理，生产数据管理，维修管理，报告控制和存货管理。
2. Supporting Hybrid Manufacture Environment & Configuration
2.支持混合生产环境和配置
It includes either discrete or continuous process making environment, ability to combine service procedures according to the objected-oriented service models and to apply them internationally (Asokan Anandarajan, Cadambi A Srinivasan, Murugan Anandarajan, 2004,p143).
它包含了离散的或连续的进程制定环境，能够使一个基于面向对象型服务模式的服务过程同它们的国际化应用合为一体。（Asokan Anandarajan,Cadambi A Srinivasan,Murugan Anandarajan,2004,p143）
3. Supporting motivated monitoring ability and improving business performance
3.支持有目的的监督能力并且提高商业业绩
It covers the adaptation of the controlling and engineering methods, simulation function, decision-making support and graphic ability of production and analysis.
它涵盖了控制和工程学方法的自适应，仿真功能，决策制定支持以及产出和分析的图形显示。
4. Supporting opening C/S computing environment
支持开放式终端机/服务器的计算机环境
It embraces c/s architecture, Graphic User Interface (GUI), Computer-Aided Design Engineering (CASE); object-oriented techniques; SQL querying to relational database; internal integration engineering system, business system, electronic data interchange (EDI). ( Wu Hong,2002,p23-33 )
它包含了客户端/服务器架构，图形用户界面（GUI），计算机辅助设计策划（CASE）；面向对象型基础；相关数据库的SQL查询；内置的集合工程系统，商业系统，店里数据互换（EDI）。（Wu Hong,2002,p23-33）
Hence, functions and techniques of ERP system have greatly surpassed the traditional MRPII. It is the enterprise resource planning which is customer-oriented, timing based, opening to the whole supply chain.
因此，ERP系统的功能和技术已经大大超过了传统的MRPⅡ。它是一个面向对象的，以时序为基础的，对整个供应链开放的企业资源规划。
Thoughts of ERP system management
ERP系统管理的观念
The core of ERP system management thoughts is to realize its effective supervision of the entire supply chain. Three parts followed are contributed to this idea:
ERP管理系统的核心思想是了解其关于整个供应链的起效的监督。以下三个部分促成了这个想法：
1. Managing the total supply chain resources. ( Carol A.Ptak, Eli Schragenheim, 2004，p212 )
1.管理整个的供应链资源。（Carol A.Ptak, Eli Schragenheim, 2004, p212）
It would compete ineffectually within the market if one undertaking relies on its own resources alone. They should put all participants, such as supplier, manufactories, distribution network and clients, into a close-linked supply chain in the business process. This enables to arrange efficiently actives of produce, supply and sale; and to meet the requirements of enterprise, ability to utilize all marketing resources of the whole society in order to produce and manage fast and effectively. Moreover, it will help increasing the efficiency, achieving the leading position on the market. Applying ERP system into the management of the entire enterprise’s supply chain is the call from the marketing competition in the knowledge economy era.
如果一个企业只依赖自身的资源，那么这个市场将会完完全全的无效率。他们将会把所有的参与者，诸如供给者，生产者，销售网络和客户统筹在一个商业进程中紧密联系的供应链内。这能够更有效率的安排生产、供应和销售，并且能够满足企业的需求，能够运用整个社会的所有市场资源来使生产和管理更迅捷和有效率。更进一步，它将有助于提高效率，达到市场上的领先地位。将ERP系统运用到整个企业的供应链管理中是源自知识经济时代市场竞争的要求。
2. Lean Production, Synchronous Engineering and Agile Manufacturing
2.精益生产，同步工程和敏捷制造
ERP system supports to the management of hybrid manufacture. It is presented as the following two parts:
ERP系统支持混合生产管理。它被表述为以下两个方面
The Lean Production (LP). ( Ni Ming,2005 )
精益生产（LP）。（Ni Ming, 2005）
It is the enterprise business strategy structure introduced by Massachusetts Institute Technology (MIT). Specifically, it indicates that an enterprise brings clients, sales representatives, suppliers and other collaborative units into production structure. Relationships among the undertaking and its sales representatives, clients and suppliers have not the simple link of Business Transactions but the co-operational partners shared with common interests. Then, this co-operational relationship set up one enterprise supply chain. Therefore, all of these are contributed to the center of the Lean Production.
这是被麻省理工学院（MIT）介绍的企业商业结构策略。具体地说，它介绍了一个企业把客户、销售代表、供应商和其他相互协作的单位组合在一个生产架构内。企业和销售代表的关系，客户和供应商的关系不仅仅是简单的商业交易关系，而是一个有共同利益诉求的相互合作的伙伴。之后，这样的相互合作关系建立起了一个企业的供应链。因此，所有这些都有助于精益生产。
Agile Manufacturing Thought
敏捷制造理论
Whenever the market starts to change as well as an enterprise encounters specific market segment, the ordinary cooperation partners would not meet the requirements of new products development sometimes. Consequently, the undertaking will organize one supply chain which structures ‘the virtual facture’, constructed by special supplier and sales channels in a short term or once a time. It regards suppliers and co-operational partners all together as one component in the enterprise. Then it exercises Synchronous Engineering, and manufactures collaboratively in order to launch the new product into the market within the shortest term, and to hold the product in the stage of high quality, variety and flexibility as well. Therefore, what we mentioned above is the core of the Agile Manufacturing Though.
无论何时市场开始改变，就像企业遇到了一个特殊的分割的市场，普通的合作伙伴的需求有时将不能从新产品中的到满足。因此，企业将会在短期或者一次性的组织一个供应链，这个供应链构成了一个“虚拟生产”，并且是由特殊的供货和销售渠道建立的。它讲供应商和合作伙伴视为企业的组成部分。之后，它执行同步工程，同时相互协调的生产能够在短期让新产品上市，并且使产品质量、多样性和适应性保持在较高水平。因此，我们上面提到的是是敏捷制造理论的核心。
3. Embodying the thoughts of pre-planning and controlling during the process
3.使提前计划和进程管理理论实现
The planning structure in ERP system includes: main production planning, material requirement planning,capability planning, purchasing planning, selling execution planning, interests planning, finance budget and human resources planning, etc.. Furthermore, all of planning and value controlling functions have already integrated into the entire supply chain. ( Avraham Shtub ,1999,p239 )
ERP系统中的计划结构包括：主要生产计划，原料需求计划，能力计划，购买计划，销售执行计划，利润计划，财务预算和人力资源计划等。更进一步说，所有这些计划和控制功能的价值都已经被整合在供应链里面了。（Avraham Shtub, 1999, p239）
In conclusion, ERP system enables many advanced management thoughts into computer software systems which can be implemented and applied in the reality by the development and adoption of IT techniques in incredible speed.
总结起来说，ERP系统能够让很多高级的管理方法通过计算机软件系统得到实施和运用，这要归功于IT技术以难以置信的速度进步。
The relationship between ERP system and an enterprise & ERP’s role in the enterprise.
ERP系统和企业同ERP在企业中角色的关系。
ERP is based on the advanced and effective management thoughts and methods. It makes use of new management mode to rebuild old one in one enterprise. The relationship between ERP and the enterprise is supplementary to each other.
ERP以高级的和有效地管理观念和方法为基础。它使用新的管理方式来重建企业中旧有的管理方式。ERP和企业的关系式互为补充的。
1．The implementation of ERP system is the revolution of an enterprise from all orientations.
1.从不同的方面来说，ERP系统的实施是企业的一次革命。
Conductors of an enterprise should be trainees at first. The second comes others who are responsible to carry out and implement. It should be motivated activities for conductors, the leaders’ level and stuff to regulate the management of the undertaking and other relevant sectors. Therefore, it helps modern management consciousness being planted into enterprise and becomes one part of company culture finally.
企业领导者应该首先成为被训练的人。然后才扩展到其他有能力执行的人。这应当是一个激励性的行为，为了企业领导者，管理层和员工能够遵守企业和相关部门的规定。因此，它将有助于一个现代的管理意识植根于企业之中，并且最终成为企业文化的一部分。
2．The manage mental level should reach the common sense on the ERP implementation
2.管理的智力水平应该达到ERP实施的通常水平
It is important to notice and exercise fundamental works in the matters of one enterprise management. Applications and software suppliers can not offer any kinds of services on this, only can be obtained by hard-workings of the company itself gradually. The implementation of ERP has been regarded as ‘The Engineering of CEO’, which indicates that the company’s decision maker plays a special role during the implementation stage. ERP is the system on management which leads and supervises the entire enterprise. It would have not been effective if the CEO has not approved and authorized the system.
关注平且实践企业管理的基础性工作是重要的。应用程序和软件供应商在这方面不能够提供任何服务，只能通过企业自己逐步的艰苦努力才能获得。ERP的实施被看作是“工程领域的CEO”，这说明企业决策在实施的等级上扮演了一个特殊的角色。ERP是关注管理的系统，能够领导平且监督整个企业。如果CEO不批准和认可这个系统，那么它将毫无用武之地。
3．The investment of ERP system is the systematical engineering
3.ERP系统的投资就是有系统的工程。
Compared with the investment and outcome of capital asserts and equipment, the investment of ERP system could not be redounded soon. The ERP system adoption is the systematical engineering process which needs time to realize benefits step by step. What it carries out is the thought of enterprise management which is the red line of the undertaking management. It acts and creates profits in the long turn; moreover, it can achieve benefits and profits form the result of effective management more and more (Chen Jian, 2002 August 7 ).
与资本资产和设备的投入产出相比，对ERP系统的投资并不能很快收到回报。ERP系统的采纳是一个系统的工程，它需要时间来一步一步发现效益。它所带来的是企业管理观念，而这是贯穿在企业管理中的一条红线。它在长期创造利润，更进一步，它能从管理的更有效率中得到越来越多的利润和回报（Chen Jian,2002 August 7）。
Furthermore, the investment of ERP system is nothing done once and for ever. Due to the fast developed technologies, the further implementation the system has been done, the tighter resources the company would be aware of. Therefore, the annually investment will be required accordingly in order that the system could ensure for operating healthily.
接下来要说的是，对ERP系统的投资从来都没有被做过。由于技术的高速进步，未来系统的实施已经在进行，更稀缺的资源应该是企业注意到的。因此，投资每年都会被需求，以使系统能够运行的更加健康。
4．The application of ERP system requires supports of inter-disciplinary talents of the company
4.ERP系统的运用需要企业内部纪律性人才的支持。
The personnel not only have a good knowledge of computer science, but also understand enterprises management. It takes times and procedures to train the inter-disciplinary talents. Managers of enterprises should respect them as a big fortune which has been deserved difficultly. These talents would be the forerunners who will lead companies to implement ERP system into organizations ( Daniel Edmund O'Leary,2002,p92).
这些人才不但要对计算机有足够的知识，同时也要了解企业管理。这需要时间和步骤来培养内部纪律性人才。企业的管理者应当把他们看作是巨大的财富，因为他们得来不易。这些人才将会成为带领公司应用ERP系统的先驱（Daniel Edmund O'leary, 2002, p92）。
In the age of information, ERP system has played significant role in the enterprise nowadays. Therefore, ERP is generally regarded as:
在信息时代，ERP在当今企业系统扮演了尤为重要的作用。因此，ERP通常被认为是：
The bridge linking all departments and sectors
联系所有部门的桥梁
The core of the enterprise
气息的核心
The brain controlling daily operations of the enterprise
管理企业日常事务的大脑
The linkage between supply chains of different enterprise.
连接不同企业的供应链
The key to succeed in furious competitions with other undertakings
在将来与其他企业竞争获胜的关键
But I have to say is the ERP is not a management; it can not replace the real management. The ERP can’t resolve the management problem of the business enterprise. The management problem of the business enterprise only is resolved by enterprise governor themselves. The ERP just is a kind of tool for help the enterprise governor manages the enterprise.
但是我必须说ERP不是管理者，它不能代替实际的管理者。ERP不能解决商业企业中管理者出现的问题。企业中管理者的问题只能依靠企业自身解决。ERP只是一个帮助企业管理公司的工具。
Case study
案例研究
A properly implemented ERP system can result in significant cost savings and increased efficiency.
恰当的使用ERP系统能够带来巨大的成本节省和效率提高。
(Appssolutions, 2005)
（企业应用解决方案, 2005）
Until now, not only .COM Corporation, but also many traditional corporations realize the important of information. If you want get success in intense competition, you have to have a powerful ERP system as your back support, help you to manage your enterprise information and plan your enterprise resource.
到目前为止，不仅仅是互联网公司，也包括许多传统公司意识到信息的重要性。如果你想在激烈的竞争中获胜，那么你必须有一个强有力ERP系统做支撑，来帮助你去管理公司信息，规划公司资源。
Now let us see how the ERP system helps the YANXIANG Ltd. obtains success. YANXIANG Ltd is one of biggest manufacture group in north of China.
现在，让我们看一下ERP系统如果帮助YANXIANG股份有限公司获得成功的。YANXIANG股份有限公司是中国北方最大的制造集团之一。
In 2001, The YANXIANG Ltd. production sale begins to take shape, output value hundred million, 17000 kinds of materials are needed, the office distributes in the China mainland and the southeast Asia, but enterprise information always delay, the information delay can cause lots of serious problem, this already become the biggest hindrance. Synthesizes each kind of situation, the YANXIANG Ltd. Management team decide use ERP system to manage the enterprise information and plan the enterprise resource. Although met lots of hindrance in implementation process, but the YANXIANG ERP persists finally and obtains success. The new ERP system helps the YANXIANG Ltd a lot. The output value turns double, and the stock reduces 20%, the operation efficiency obtained the very big enhancement, for example, the time of processing the order reduce from 6 hours to 1 hour. As a result of data sharing and planning, the ERP system makes sure the production can accord to the order strictly from stock to material plan, manufacture project, the warehouse, has avoided lots of artificial mistake.
在2001年，YANXIANG公司的的产品销售开始初具规模，产出价值达一亿元，所需17000种原材料，营业处遍布于中国大陆和东南亚，但是企业的信息经常被延误，信息的延误产生了许多严重的问题，这已经成为了公司前进的一个巨大障碍。综合考虑每一种情况，YANXIANG公司的管理团队决定使用ERP系统来管理企业信息并且规划企业资源。尽管在实施过程中聚到很多阻碍，YANXIANG公司最终坚持了下来并获得了成功。新的ERP系统在很大程度上帮助了YANXIANG公司。产出翻了一番，存货削减20%，运行效率获得极大提高，举个例子来说，计划的执行从6个小时缩短到1个小时。所谓数据分享和计划的结果，ERP系统确保了产品从原料到生产线再到仓库都严格按照要求，也就避免了很多人为的失误。
Following four points showed the ERP success in the YANXIANG Ltd.
一下四点将说明ERP在YANXIANG公司是成功的。
1. System movement integration
1.系统集成运行
This is the most basic performance that ERP apply successfully. The ERP system is an entire system and controls all different parts of the enterprise, especially on the supply chain management. So it is not just only in the internal of the enterprise, but also in the whole supply chain. YANXIANG management team staff and copartner they all give the biggest support in the ERP implementation. This is a major reason why the implementation time could be so short and so successful.
这时ERP运用成功最基本的表现。ERP是一个整体的系统，管理公司所有的组成部分，特别是对于供应链管理而言。因此，它不仅仅在企业内部生效，更在整个供应链中起作用。YANXIANG管理团队的员工和合伙人都在ERP的实施中给予巨大的支持。这是一个为什么实施时间能够如此之短，能够如此成功的重要原因。
2. Service flow rationalization
服务流程的合理化
In the ERP implementation, YANXIANG changed lots of unreasonable habit. The enterprise competitive ability, the market response ability and customer satisfaction obtains greatest improvement.
在ERP的实施中，YANXIANG改变了许多不合理的习惯。企业竞争能力，市场反应能力，顾客满意度都获得了显著提高。
3. Achievements monitoring dynamic
实现了动态监管
The ERP system provides the rich management information for the enterprise. So the enterprise management team needs use these information effectively, makes these information obtain the biggest effect. ERP and the enterprise is one whole group. Each one can not lack.
ERP系统为企业提供了丰富的管理信息。因此，企业管理团队需要有效率的使用这些信息，用这些信息实现巨大的效益。ERP和企业是一个整体。任何一方都不可或缺。
4. The management improvement will continue
管理改进将会持续
Along with the ERP system and the enterprise rationalization, business management will be able obviously to enhance. And it will help enterprise establish a self-appraisal management mechanism make the enterprise may unceasingly carry on and unceasingly improve.
伴随着ERP系统和企业合理化，商业管理将会有明显的提高。并且，它将帮助企业建立一个自我评估管理机制来使企业能够不断地前进和提高。
As a word, the ERP system success implementation caused to the YANXIANG Ltd. production manufacture management, the production flows and the inventory control, and the market demand all had the remarkable enhancement. ( SAP 2005 )
简而言之，ERP系统的成功实施带来了YANXIANG公司产品生产管理、生产流程、存货控制以及市场需求方面显著地提高。（SAP 2005）
Based on statistics of APICS the Association for Operations Management, the application ERP system would obtain the following economic benefits averagely:
根据APICS的管理协会的统计资料，平均来看，ERP系统的实施带来了以下经济指标的改善：
（1）To lower the stock 30%~50%
（1）存货降低30%到50%
（2）To reduce the possibilities of delivery postponed 80%
（2）降低应收款项延付的概率80%
（3）To shorten the time of pre-purchasing 50%
（3）缩短预购买的时间50%
（4）Decrease the possibilities that work has been held up for lack of materials 60%
（4）降低工作由于原材料缺乏而暂停的概率60%
（5）To lower manufacture costs 12%
（5）降低生产成本12%
（6）To improve management level ( Gary A Langenwalter , 2000, p147 ).
（6）提高管理水平（Gary A Langenwalter, 2000, p147）。
ERP streamlines processes within your organization and helps you meet business needs more efficiently and quickly. ERP leads to a revolution in management thoughts and technologies all around the world. It is remarkable that the new management methods and means have been adopted and developed enthusiastically by the incredible speed. The application of ERP infuses a fresh blood and a great passion into thousands of enterprises on the raging tides of the marketing economy, and establishes a sound foundation for the undertakings on which they could stride towards the success finally.
ERP让你的组织程序合理化，帮助你发现商业需求更快更有效率。ERP在全球范围内引领了一个管理观念和技术上的革新。新的管理方法已经以难以置信的速度被采纳和发展。ERP系统向处于市场经济洪流中的数以千计的公司输入了新鲜血液也巨大的热情，为这些公司建立了一个可靠的基础，这些基础将会引领公司走向最终的成功。
Reference
参考书目
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