风雅颂Ballad, Court Hymn, and Eulogy《诗经》中依体裁与音乐对诗歌所分出的类型。“风（国风）”是不同地区的地方音乐，大部分是民歌；“雅”是宫廷宴享或朝会时的乐歌，分为“大雅”与“小雅”，大部分是贵族文人的作品；“颂”是宗庙祭祀用的舞曲歌辞，内容多是歌颂祖先的功业。“雅”“颂”指雅正之音，而“国风”系民间乐歌，因此“风雅颂”既是《诗经》的载体，同时也有高雅纯正的含义。“风雅”后来一般指典雅与高雅的事物。In The Book of Songs, the content is divided into three categories according to style and tune: feng (ballads), ya (court hymns), and song (eulogies). Ballads are music from different regions, mostly folk songs. Court hymns, divided into daya (major hymns) and xiaoya (minor hymns), are songs sung at court banquets or grand ceremonies. They are mostly the works by lettered noblemen. Eulogies are ritual or sacrificial dance music and songs, most of which praise the achievements of ancestors. Court hymns, and eulogies are highbrow songs while ballads are lowbrow ones. therefore, ballads, court hymns, and eulogies not only refer to the style of The Book of Songs but also classify the songs into highbrow and lowbrow categories. Later on fengya (风雅) generally referred to anything elegant. 赋比兴Narrative, Analogy, and Association《诗经》创作的三种表现手法。“赋”是铺陈事物直接叙述；“比”是类比；“兴”是先言他物以引出所咏之词， 有两层含义，一是即兴感发， 二是在感发时借客观景物婉转地表达出某种思想感情。“赋比兴”为汉代儒家所总结和提出，后来演变为中国古代文学创作的基本原则和方法。These are the three ways of expression employed in The Book of Songs: a narrative is a direct reference to an object or an event, an analogy metaphorically likens one thing to another, and an association is an impromptu expression of a feeling, a mood or a thought, or using an objective thing as metaphor for sensibilities. Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty summarized and formulated this concept of narrative, analogy, and association, which later became the basic principle and method in classical Chinese literary creation.
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故《诗》有六义焉：一曰风，二曰赋，三曰比，四曰兴，五曰雅，六曰颂。（《诗大序》）（所以《诗经》有六项基本内容：即风、赋、比、兴、雅、颂。）Therefore The Book of Songs has six basic elements: ballads, narratives, analogies, association, court hymns, and eulogies. (Preface to The Book of Songs) 赋者，敷陈其事而直言之者也；比者，以彼物比此物也；兴者，先言他物以引起所咏之词也。（朱熹《诗集传》）（赋，是铺陈事物而直接叙述； 比，就是以他事物比喻此事物；兴，就是先说他物然后再引出所吟咏的事物。）A narrative is a direct description of an object, an event or a relationship. An analogy metaphorically likens one thing to another. An association employs a metaphor as a lead-in for the real subject of a poem. (Zhu Xi: Studies on The Book of Songs)
