领空、航空识别区、防空识别区等英文摘抄

在空间权益方面有很多的不同概念需要厘清。其实如果概念不清，就会难以定立标准，没有标准，就会出现混乱。不了解相关的标准，就没有发言权。

 

1、航空识别区：

Flight information region, is a specified region of airspace in which a flight information service and an alerting service (ALRS) are provided.Every portion of the atmosphere belongs to a specific FIR. Smaller countries' airspace is encompassed by a single FIR; larger countries' airspace is subdivided into a number of regional FIRs.  Oceanic airspace is divided into Oceanic Information Regions and delegated to a controlling authority bordering that region. The division among authorities is done by international agreement through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

2、航空控制：In air traffic control, an Area Control Center (ACC), also known as a Center (or in some cases, en-route, as opposed to TRACON control), is a facility responsible for controlling aircraft en route in a particular volume of airspace (a Flight Information Region) at high altitudes between airport approaches and departures. In the United States, such a Center is referred to as an Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC).

3、防空识别区：Air Defense Identification Zone：

An Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is airspace over land or water in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft over land or water is required in the interest of national security.^[1] They extend far beyond a country's airspace to give the country more time to respond to foreign and possibly hostile aircraft.^[2] Countries that maintain air defense identification zones include Canada, India, Japan, Pakistan, Norway and the United Kingdom, People's Republic of China, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States.^[1][2][3] The authority to establish an ADIZ is not given by any international treaty nor prohibited by international law and is not regulated by any international body.^[2][4]

Air defense zones should not be confused Flight Information Regions (FIRs) which are used to manage air traffic.^[1]

^{4、领空：}

Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its territory, including its territorial waters or, more generally, any specific three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere. It is not the same as aerospace, which is the general term for Earth's atmosphere and the outer space in its vicinity.

By international law, the notion of a country's sovereign airspace corresponds with the maritime definition of territorial waters as being 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) out from a nation's coastline. Airspace not within any country's territorial limit is considered international, analogous to the "high seas" in maritime law. However, a country may, by international agreement, assume responsibility for controlling parts of international airspace, such as those over the oceans. For instance, the United States provides air traffic control services over a large part of the Pacific Ocean, even though the airspace is international.

5、Air sovereignty is the fundamental right of a sovereign state to regulate the use of its airspace and enforce its own aviation law - in extremis by the use of fighter aircraft.
Air sovereignty 和airspace 哪个更接近领空的概念呢？