仲裁条款（Arbitration）
在合同履行过程中，双方如发生争议，按照国际贸易的习惯做法，可以通过四种不同的方式解决，即：友好协商、第三方调解、仲裁或者司法诉讼。
在实践中，双方发生争议后，应尽可能通过友好协商或者邀请第三方居间进行调解解决（to resolve the disputes through friendly consultation or a third party mediation）。如通过调解或协商达不成协议，按照国际惯例，双方一般将争议提交双方同意的仲裁机构进行仲裁而不选择司法诉讼。
仲裁条款订立得是否妥当，直接关系到双方的争议能否得到公平合理的解决。仲裁条款的起草，应注意以下问题：
1. 明确规定，日后若发生纠纷，双方同意提交仲裁。
明确这一内容的意义在于：为仲裁机构受理案件提供了法律依据；同时，也排除了法院对争议案件的管辖权。
【例】
中文：因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的争议，双方应通过友好协商解决，如果协商仍不能达成协议时，则应提交仲裁解决。
英文：All disputes arising from the execution of, or in connection with the contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation between both parties. In case no settlement to disputes can be reached through negotiation, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration.
2. 明确仲裁地点、仲裁机构及所采用的仲裁程序。
仲裁条款中的仲裁机构，是条款中最重要的内容，因为这涉及适用哪个国家的仲裁法和仲裁程序规则去解决双方的争议。
【例】
中文：凡因执行本合同引起的或与本合同有关的争议，均应通过友好协商解决。如要协商仍不能达成协议时，则应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁，根据其仲裁规则和程序进行。
英文：All disputes arising from the execution of, or in connection with this contract shall be settled through negotiation between both parties hereto. In case no settlement to disputes can be reached through friendly negotiation, the disputes shall be submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration in accordance with the Arbitration Rules and the Procedure for the said Commission.
3. 明确仲裁裁决的效力，仲裁费用的承担以及一方不履行裁决的法律后果等。
仲裁的裁决是终局的，对双方当事人具有同等的约束力，如一方当事人不服，不得申请法院变更，但如果一方当事人不履行裁决，另一方有权向有管辖权的法院（a court at a place of jurisdiction）申请执行。关于仲裁费用，一般应由败诉方负担（to be borne by the losing party）。
【例】
中文：仲裁裁决是终局的，对签约双方均有约束力，任何一方不得向法院申请变更。仲裁费用，除仲裁机构另有决定外，均由败诉方负担。双方应按规定的期限履行仲裁裁决，如果其中一方逾期不履行裁决，另一方有权向有管辖权的法院申请执行。在仲裁期间，除正在仲裁的部分外，双方应继续执行合同的其余部分。
英文：The arbitration award shall be final and binding upon both contracting parties. Neither party shall seek recourse from a Court of Law for revising the decision. The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the said Arbitration Organization. Both parties shall fulfill the arbitration award in accordance with the time limit stipulated. Should one of the parties not fulfill the award after this time limit, the other party shall have the right to apply for fulfillment to court at a place of jurisdiction. In the course of arbitration, this Contract shall be continuously executed by both parties except the part of this contract which is under arbitration.
附：
【新加坡国际仲裁中心示范条款】
Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (“SIAC”) in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (“SIAC Rules”) for the time being in force, which rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference in this clause.
The seat of the arbitration shall be [Singapore].*
The Tribunal shall consist of _________________** arbitrator(s).
The language of the arbitration shall be ________________.
[In respect of any court proceedings in Singapore commenced under the International Arbitration Act 1994 in relation to the arbitration, the parties agree (a) to commence such proceedings before the Singapore International Commercial Court (“the SICC”); and (b) in any event, that such proceedings shall be heard and adjudicated by the SICC.]***
APPLICABLE LAW
Parties should also include an applicable law clause. The following is recommended:
This contract is governed by the laws of _________________.****
* Parties should specify the seat of arbitration of their choice. If the parties wish to select an alternative seat to Singapore, please replace “[Singapore]” with the city and country of choice (e.g., “[City, Country]”).
** State an odd number. Either state one, or state three.
*** The inclusion of this sentence is recommended if the arbitration commenced to resolve the dispute will be/is an international commercial arbitration, and Singapore is chosen as the seat of arbitration.
**** State the country or jurisdiction.
【香港国际仲裁中心示范条款】
根据《香港国际仲裁中心机构仲裁规则》管理的机构仲裁:
'Any dispute, controversy, difference or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, including the existence, validity, interpretation, performance, breach or termination thereof or any dispute regarding non- contractual obligations arising out of or relating to it shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) under the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules in force when the Notice of Arbitration is submitted.
The law of this arbitration clause shall be ... (Hong Kong law). *
The seat of arbitration shall be ... (Hong Kong).
The number of arbitrators shall be ... (one or three). The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in ... (insert language).' **
合同当事人若希望将未来产生的任何争议提交到《香港国际仲裁中心机构仲裁规则》下的仲裁解决的，可在合同中加入以下仲裁条款：
'凡因本合同所引起的或與之相關的任何爭議、糾紛、分歧或索賠，包括合同的存在、效力、解釋、履行、違反或終止，或因本合同引起的或與之相關的任何非合同性爭議，均應提交由香港國際仲裁中心管理的機構仲裁，並按照提交仲裁通知時有效的《香港國際仲裁中心機構仲裁規則》最終解決。
*本仲裁条款适用的法律为…（香港法）
仲裁地应为…（香港）
**仲裁员人数为… 名（一名或三名）。仲裁程序应按照（选择语言）来进行。'
注：
*选择性条款。尤其在主合同实体法和仲裁地法律不同的情况下，当事人应当增加此条款。仲裁条款的准据法可能管辖的事宜包括仲裁条款的形成､存在､范围､有效性､合法性､解释､终止､效力､可执行性以及仲裁条款当事人的资格。其不得取代适用于主合同的实体法律。
**选择性条款，可约定也可不约定。
*上述部分内容整理自《鏖战英文合同》。
叶晓彤
多年海外留学经历
中山大学法学院研究生在读
国有企业三级法律顾问
现就职于泰和泰律师事务所
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