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2.4-055 定性书
原 文

  横渠先生问于明道先生曰:定性未能不动,犹累于外物,何如?明道先生曰:所谓定者,动亦定,静亦定,无将迎,无内外。苟以外物为外,牵己而从之,是以己性为有内外也。且以性为随物于外,则当其在外时,何者为在内?是有意于绝外诱而不知性之无内外也。既以内外为二本,则又乌可遽语定哉?夫天地之常,以其心普万物而无心。圣人之常,以其情顺万事而无情。故君子之学, 莫若廓然而大公,物来而顺应。《易》曰:“贞吉,悔亡,憧憧往来,朋从尔思。”苟规规于外诱之除,将见灭于东而生于西也,非惟日之不足,顾其端无穷,不可得而除也。人之情各有所蔽,故不能适道。大率患在于自私而用智。自私则不能以有为为应迹,用智则不能以明觉为自然。今以恶外物之心,而求照无物之地,是反鉴而索照也。《易》曰:“艮其背,不获其身。行其庭,不见其人。”孟氏亦曰:“所恶于智者,为其凿也。”与其非外而是内,不若内外之两忘也。两忘则澄然无事矣。无事则定,定则明,明则尚何应物之为累哉?圣人之喜,以物之当喜。圣人之怒,以物之当怒。是圣人之喜怒,不系于心,而系于物也。是则圣人岂不应于物哉?乌得以从外者为非,而更求在内者为是也?今以自私用智之喜怒,而视圣人喜怒之正为如何哉?夫人之情易发而难制者,惟怒为甚。第能于怒时遽忘其怒,而观理之是非,亦可见外诱之不足恶,而于道亦思过半矣。(《二程文集》卷二《答横渠张子厚先生书》)

  译 文

  (原文1)横渠先生问于明道先生曰:定性未能不动,犹累于外物,何如?

  (查译1)张载问程颢说:要定性但还做不到内心不动,因为内心仍然受到外物的影响,怎么办呢?

  (陈译1)【CH'ENG HAO】Master Heng-chu【Chang Tsai】asked Master Ming-tao【Ch'eng Hao】,"Nature in the state of calmness cannot be without activityand must still be impeded by external things. What can be done?"

  (原文2)明道先生曰:所谓定者,动亦定,静亦定。

  (查译2)程颢回答说:所谓定性,心动也定,心静也定。

  (陈译2)MasterMing-tao said, "By calmness of nature we mean that one's nature is calmwhether it is in a state of activity or in a state of tranquillity.

  (原文3)无将迎,无内外。

  (查译3)不分心应外物或外物入心(不随物而往,不先物而动),也根本没有了内心与外物的分别。

  (陈译3)Onedoes not lean forward or backward to accommodate things, nor does he make anydistinction between the internal and external.

  (原文4)苟以外物为外,牵己而从之,是以己性为有内外也。

  (查译4)如果把外物作为外,牵引着你的内心跟随着外物,这是把你的心分成了内和外。

  (陈译4)Toregard things outside the self as external, and force oneself to conform tothem, is to regard one's nature as divided into the internal and external.

  (原文5)且以性为随物于外,则当其在外时,何者为在内?

  (查译5)况且如果认为你的心会随物在外,那么当它应物在外时,什么是在内的呢?

  (陈译5)Furthermore,if one's nature is conceived to be following external things, then, while it isoutside, what is it that is within the self?

  (原文6)是有意于绝外诱而不知性之无内外也。

  (查译6)这是有意于拒绝外物的诱惑,却不知道心性本来并不分内外。

  (陈译6)Toconceive one's nature thus is to have the intention of getting rid of externaltemptations, but to fail to realize that human nature does not possess the twoaspects of internal and external.

  (原文7)既以内外为二本,则又乌可遽语定哉?

  (查译7)既然把内外当做两个东西,那又怎么能够就说定性呢?

  (陈译7)Sinceone holds that things internal and external form two different bases, how canone hastily speak of calmness of human nature?

  (原文8)夫天地之常,以其心普万物而无心。

  (查译8)天地之所以恒常不变,是因为天地之心遍及万物而无其特有的心。

  (陈译8)Theconstant principle of Heaven and Earth is that their mind is in all things, andyet they have no mind of their own.

  (原文9)圣人之常,以其情顺万事而无情。

  (查译9)圣人之所以无所不适,是因为圣人之情顺应万事而无一己之情。

  (陈译9)Theconstant principle of the sage is that his feelings are in accord with allcreation, and yet he has no feeling of his own.

  (原文10)故君子之学, 莫若廓然而大公,物来而顺应。

  (查译10)所以君子要通过学习朝着圣人的方向努力,最好不过的就是推广自身而成为大公,万物之来都能顺应。

  (陈译10)Therefore,for the training of the superior man there is nothing better than to becomebroad and extremely impartial and to respond spontaneously to all things asthey come.

  (原文11)《易》曰:“贞吉,悔亡,憧憧往来,朋从尔思。”

  (查译11)《周易》上说:“虚己就吉,就没有了悔吝。如果心思不定地走来走去,就只有少数的朋辈,会顺从你的思路。”

  (陈译11)TheBook of Changes says, 'Firm correctness brings good fortune and prevents alloccasions for repentance. If one is hesitant in his movements, only his friendswill follow his purpose.'

  (原文12)苟规规于外诱之除,将见灭于东而生于西也。

  (查译12)如果一门心思地想如何消除外物的诱惑,你将会看到东边的诱惑刚消除,西边的诱惑又出现了。

  (陈译12)Ifone merely attempts to remove external temptations, then no sooner do somedisappear in the east than others will arise in the west.

  (原文13)非惟日之不足,顾其端无穷,不可得而除也。

  (查译13)不仅没有那么多时间去消除,而且外物多得无穷无尽,诱惑也就无穷无尽,也没办法消除。

  (陈译13)Notonly is one's time limited, but the source of temptation is inexhaustible andtherefore cannot be removed.

  (原文14)人之情各有所蔽,故不能适道。

  (查译14)人的性情都被这样那样蔽塞着,所以都不能达到圣人之道。

  (朱译14)一般人的情感各有所遮蔽,而难以进入大道。

  (陈译14)Everyone'snature is obscured in some way and as a consequence he cannot follow the Way.

  (原文15)大率患在于自私而用智。

  (查译15)被蔽塞的原因大多是由于自私和用智。

  (朱译15)大多患在挟一己之私,而肆用其察察小智。

  (陈译15)Ingeneral the trouble lies in the resort to selfishness and the exercise ofcunning.

  (原文16)自私则不能以有为为应迹,用智则不能以明觉为自然。

  (查译16)自私就不能把自己的作为统一于顺应外物当然的形迹,用智就不能以明觉符合于本体之自然。

  (朱译16)自私则在接物应事之际,老想以己御物,而不肯应乎事物当然之迹。用智则机心用事,而不能任吾心自然的明觉发挥作用。

  (陈译16)Beingselfish, one cannot take purposive action to respond to things, and beingcunning, one cannot be at home with enlightenment.

  (原文17)今以恶外物之心,而求照无物之地,是反鉴而索照也。

  (查译17)现在你是想用一颗厌恶外物的心,和一个空无一物的世界相观照,这就像把镜子翻过去用不明的镜背去照。

  (陈译17)Fora mind that hates external things to seek illumination in a mind where nothingexists is to look for a reflection on the back of a mirror.

  (原文18)《易》曰:“艮其背,不获其身。行其庭,不见其人。”

  (查译18)《周易》上说:“人的背部静止了,全身都静止了。就像人的内心宁静,达到了忘我的境地,就会忘掉了自我的存在。外界的一切刺激,都不会触动你的内心。即使走在庭院中,也不会看见那里的人。”

  (朱译18)艮为山、为止,山形似背,“艮其背”意指以背部面对事物而止,“不获其身”乃不见其身。“身”面向外面,而“背”乃背之,亦即不与外物相接,眼不见则心不动,艮止于其所不见,则外物就不能乱其心。即使行走于庭除之间,人来人往之地,于其背则仍无所见,如此不接触到外物,就不会萌动其内在的欲念,人心止于其所当止,私心自然无所肆其用。

  (陈译18)TheBook of Changes says, 'Stop in the back of a thing. See not the person. Walk inthe hall and do not see the people in it.'

  (原文19)孟氏亦曰:“所恶于智者,为其凿也。”

  (查译19)孟子也说:“之所以讨厌智巧的原因,是因为智巧破坏自然。”

  (朱译19)那些自以为聪明的人令人厌恶,是因为他们穿凿附会,强词夺理,不肯顺应事物自然之理,可见用智反而背理。

  (陈译19)Menciusalso said, 'What I dislike in your wise men is their forced reasoning.'

  (原文20)与其非外而是内,不若内外之两忘也。

  (查译20)与其否定外物肯定内心,不如内外两忘的好。

  (陈译20)Insteadof looking upon the internal as right and the external as wrong, it is betterto forget the distinction.

  (原文21)两忘则澄然无事矣。

  (查译21)内外两忘就能做到澄然无事。

  (陈译21)Whensuch a distinction is forgotten, the state of quietness and peace is attained.

  (原文22)无事则定,定则明。

  (查译22)澄然无事就能定,心定就心明。

  (陈译22)Peaceleads to calmness and calmness leads to enlightenment.

  (原文23)明则尚何应物之为累哉?

  (查译23)心明了当应物时还会受什么连累呢?

  (陈译23)Whenone is enlightened, how can the response to things become an impediment?

  (原文24)圣人之喜,以物之当喜。圣人之怒,以物之当怒。

  (查译24)圣人的欣悦,是因为遇到的事物应该喜悦;圣人的愤怒,是因为遇到的事物应该愤怒。

  (陈译24)Thesage is joyous because according to the nature of things before him he shouldbe joyous, and he is angry because according to the nature of things before himhe should be angry.

  (原文25)是圣人之喜怒,不系于心,而系于物也。

  (查译25)这就是说圣人的喜怒不取决于他的内心而取决于他遇到的事物。

  (陈译25)Thusthe joy and anger of the sage do not depend on his own mind but on things.

  (原文26)是则圣人岂不应于物哉?

  (查译26)那么能说圣人之心不与外物相应吗?

  (陈译26)Doesnot the sage in this way respond to things?

  (原文27)乌得以从外者为非,而更求在内者为是也?

  (查译27)怎么能说心与外物相应为非,而又寻找不接外物的内在之心才认为是对呢?

  (陈译27)Whyshould it be regarded as wrong to follow external things and right to seek whatis within?

  (原文28)今以自私用智之喜怒,而视圣人喜怒之正为如何哉?

  (查译28)现在拿你自私用智的喜怒,与圣人正当的喜怒相比又怎么样呢?

  (陈译28)Comparethe joy and anger of the selfish and cunning man to the correctness of joy andanger of the sage. What a difference!

  (原文29)夫人之情易发而难制者,惟怒为甚。

  (查译29)人的感情,最容易表现出来却难以抑制的,要数愤怒了。

  (陈译29)Amonghuman emotions the easiest to arouse but the most difficult to control isanger.

  (原文30)第能于怒时遽忘其怒,而观理之是非,亦可见外诱之不足恶,而于道亦思过半矣。

  (查译30)只要能在愤怒的时候,立刻忘掉愤怒,而冷静地分析理的是非,那就会发现外物的诱惑不值得讨厌,这样对于圣人之道,大致也就把握得差不多了。

  (陈译30)Butif in time of anger one can immediately forget his anger and look at the rightand wrong of the matter according to principle, he will see that externaltemptations need not be hated, and he has gone more than halfway toward theWay.

  通 解

  1. 主旨:本条乃改编程颢《答横渠张子厚先生书》一文而成,文字略有出入,删去了最后一节。程朱学派称此文为《定性书》。所谓定性即定心,使心不动,达到物我两忘的境界。是要人做到物我不分,内外两忘,应顺万物而不动情,心不动于物而内欲不萌。

  2. 朱高正:本条系横渠先生请教明道先生如何才能定性,故称为《定性书》,当时明道先生年约二十二三岁。横渠年长明道十二岁,乃明道的表叔,即明道父亲的表弟。明道首先指出性无内、外之分,且天下无性外之物。其次,明道申论“天地无私心,圣人无私情”的道理,强调“君子之学,莫若廓然而大公,物来而顺应”。而一般人则患在“自私而用智”,故不能顺乎事物之理。最后,明道提出“圣人之喜怒,不系于心,而系于物”的定性论,以凸显常人自私用智之喜怒的荒谬。

  3. 叶采:盖万物不同,而无理外之物;万理不同,而无性外之理。凡天下之物理,酬酢万端,皆吾性之所具也。所谓定性者,非一定而不应也;发而中节,动亦定也;敬而无失,静亦定也。将,送也。事之往也无将,事之来也无迎,动静一定,何有乎将迎!寂然不动者存于内也,感而遂通者应于外也,体用一贯,何间乎内外!

  4. 真德秀:定性者,理定于中,而事不能惑也。理定于中,静之时固定也,动之时亦未尝不定也。不随物而往,不先物而动。故曰“无将迎”。理自内出而周于事,事自外来而应以理。理即事也,事即理也。故曰“无内外”。

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