倒计时
距离2020年11 月1日同等学力申硕考试仅有68天！
工商管理
企业并购的动机不包括（ ）。
A、价值低估
B、规模经济
C、维持市场的稳定
D、管理协同
【答案提示】：C。解析：企业并购的动机包括：（1）管理协同—差别效率；（2）规模经济；（3）资产组合—多元化战略；（4）财务协同—避税；（5）投机—价值低估；（6）代理成本—管理主义；
（7）市场竞争—市场势力。
具体指引详见考纲《企业战略》第5章第2节P241页。
法学
根据现行宪法的规定，下列关于国家主席的提法，表述正确的是（ ）A、国家主席向全国人大及其常委会负责并报告工作
B、国家主席、副主席都缺位时，由全国人大常驻委会委员长继任国家主席
C、国家主席的任职年龄是45周岁
D、国家主席、副主席由全国人大选举产生
【答案提示】D。
具体指引详见考纲《宪法》第6章第3节P415页。
经济学
什么是代理问题？你认为应该如何设计委托代理关系下的激励约束机制？
【答案提示】（1）代理问题：激励不相容、信息不对称、责任不对等。道德风险：从事经济活动的人在最大限度地增进自身效用时，做出不利于他人的行为。
（2）由于委托人与代理人之间的信息分布具有不对称性，所以设计最优激励约束机制重要条件是获得代理人行为的信息。激励约束机制必须满足两个最基本的约束条件：一个约束条件是所谓的刺激一致性约束 。由于代理人是合同的接受者，机制所提供的刺激必须要能诱使代理人自愿地选择根据他们所属类型而设定的合同。另一个约束条件是个人理性约束（或称为参与约束）。这种约束是对代理人的行为提出一种理性化假设。它要求代理人接受合同所得到的效用不少于其保留效用，做到了接受这个合同比拒绝合同在经济上更合算，这就保证了代理人参与机制设计博弈地利益动机。激励的核心是将代理人对个人效用的追求转为对企业利润最大化的追求，针对经理对货币收入的追求，资本所有者可通过确定一个最优级报酬计划来实现对代理人的激励和约束。
具体指引详见考纲《社会评论经济理论》第5章第1节P65页。
心理学
简答算术平均数及其特点
【答案提示】简称为平均数或者均数，均值，是反映一组数据分布集中趋势的量数，它等于所有数据之和除以数据的个数。总体平均数用μ表示，变量X的样本平均数用`x表示。算术平均数的特点：①反应灵敏，计算严密，简单明了；②要求相同测量工具所获得的数据；③在数据相对集中，离散程度不是很大时，对于数据总体一般水平的代表性较好；④较少受抽样变动的影响。
具体指引详见考纲《心理学统计》第1章1节。
管理科学与工程
扩张性货币政策有哪些手段？紧缩性货币政策与扩张性货币政策有什么不同？
【答案提示】扩张性货币政策是货币政策的一种，通过提高货币供应增长速度来刺激总需求，在这种政策下，取得信贷更为容易，利息率会降低。因此，当总需求与经济的生产能力相比很低时，使用扩张性的货币政策最合适。扩张性货币政策的目的是增加货币供应量M，具体的手段包括以降低法定存款准备金率和降低利率,然后用来扩大信贷支出的规模和增加货币供应量,以便刺激投资和消费。
具体指引详见考纲《宏观经济学》第5章第3节P264页。
公共管理--行政
简述文字沟通的优缺点
【答案提示】文字沟通的优点：
①在沟通发生之前，可以斟酌所要使用的文句，以求得最佳效果；②防止转述时的遗漏和曲解；③可长期保存，以备日后查考；④法律责任明确；⑤使人有慎重之感。
文字沟通的缺点：①接受者因教育的水准差异，会有不同的沟通效果；②文字的意义不一，对于不同行业的人，同样的文字具有不同的意义；③以有限的文字表达无限的意图；④不如口头沟通亲切。
具体指引详见考纲《行政管理》第5章第2节P197页。
英语学科
The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing. That’s partly because labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it’s also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote “team science”. As physics developed in the post-World War Ⅱ era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally.
Yet multiple authorship — however good it may be in other ways — presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors? If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review?
Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author’s particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate’s work or a coauthor’s, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.
Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.
1、According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers（ ）.
A．are getting more complicated
B．are dealing with bigger problems
C．are more of a product of team work
D．are focusing more on natural than on social sciences
2、One of the problems with multiple authorship is that it is hard（ ）.
A．to allocate the responsibility if the paper goes wrong
B．to decide on how much contribution each reviewer has made
C．to assign the roles that the different authors are to play
D．to correspond with the authors when the readers feel the need to
3、According to the passage, authorship is important when（ ）.
A．practical or impractical suggestions of the authors are considered
B．appointments and promotions of the authors are involved
C．evaluators need to review the publication of the authors
D．the publication of the authors has become much-cited
4、According to the passage, whether multiple authors of a paper should be taken collectively or individually depends on（ ）.
A．whether judgments are made about the paper or its authors
B．whether it is the credit or the blame that the authors need to share
C．how many authors are involved in the paper
D．where the paper has been published
5、The best title for the passage can be（ ）.
A．Writing Scientific Papers: Publish or Perish
B．Collaboration and Responsibility in Writing Scientific Papers
C．Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Science
D．Multiple Authors, Multiple Problems
答案解析：
1、C。根据文章第一段中“…it’s also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote 'team science’.”可知论文数量的增加与team science有关。
2、A。根据文章第二段中“But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper.”可知当文章出错的时候，很难找出由谁负责。
3、B。根据文章第三段中“…as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road.”可知，当涉及作者的任命和晋升时，著作权是非常重要的。
4、A。根据最后一段中第二句和第三句的论述可知，多作者作品的职责是该整体来评判还是单独评判，取决于判断是根据作品本身还是作者做出来的。
5、D。本文刚开始指出现在出现好多作者共同执笔的现象以及这一现象带来的社会问题，最后提出了一些解决办法。纵观全文，只有选项D更全面的概括了文章。
8-25
转角寄语
你的不懈努力和付出未来一定有厚报相信自己相信未来一定可期谨请期待，即将推出的：
★★★【综合学科阶段性】8月测试卷
为避免错过相关精彩内容，你只需要简单三步：1、置顶星标相国转角；2、阅读后给文章点下“在看”；3、每天都来看看我，我就会出现在你的常读列表里。感谢你的支持，学海无涯，希望这段阅读和陪伴的缘分一直延续。
