有机化学中溶剂的特性

Properties of Solvents Used in Organic Chemistry

The values in the table below except as noted have been extracted from online and hardbound compilations . Values for relative polarity, eluant strength, threshold limits and vapor pressure have been extracted from: Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003, and the chemidplus site.下表中的值，但已按说明从联机和硬绑定编译中提取。相对极性、埃卢强度、阈值限制和蒸汽压力的值从以下来源：克里斯蒂安·赖查特、有机化学中的溶剂和溶剂效应、Wiley-VCH 出版社、第 3 版、2003 年和 chemidplus 站点

For Spectra of Solvents 溶剂光谱and other sites with properties of organic compounds, jump to the bottom of the solvent tables.    For an Organic Chemistry Directory, see:  http://murov.info/orgchem.htm .

  For a Chemistry Directory, see:   http://murov.info/webercises.htm   (Note:  The title of this site was recently changed from Properties of Organic Solvents to the present title because the "US Patent and Trademark Office have recently relied on the document to assert that water is an organic solvent.")

The three columns on the right were added in Dec., 2016.  Please report any errors to [e-mail].

For addtional chemistry, science and other web sites, please visit http://murov.info .

For the most recently posted sites, please visit:  http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htm , http://murov.info/timelines.htm , http://murov.info/organicmilestones.htm, Photophysical properties of organic compounds - http://murov.info/photophys.htm .

The tables below were posted (10/23/98),  revised (07/28/09) and updated (09/11/18) by Steve Murov, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry.  Last link check on 012/01/17.

Table 1 arranged alphabetically, Table 2 arranged according to increasing polarity

TABLE 1

Solventformulaboilingpoint(oC)meltingpoint(oC) density

(g/mL)solubilityin H2O1 (g/100g)relative

polarity2eluantstrength3thresholdlimits4(ppm)vapor

pressure

20oC (hPa)dipole

moment

(D)dielectric

constant

viscosity

10-3 Pa s

acetic acidC2H4O211816.61.049M0.648>11015.31.686.21.12

acetoneC3H6O56.2-94.30.786M0.3550.565002402.85210.30

acetonitrileC2H3N81.6-460.786M0.4600.6520973.537.50.34

acetyl acetoneC5H8O2140.4-230.975160.571

33.023

2-aminoethanolC2H7NO170.910.51.018M0.651

30.532.3 - 2.637.720.8

anilineC6H7N184.4-6.01.0223.40.420

20.41.66.83.8

anisoleC7H8O153.7-37.50.9960.100.198

3.5*1.44.3

benzeneC6H680.15.50.8790.180.1110.320.510102.30.60

benzonitrileC7H5N205-130.9960.20.333

10124.1261.27

benzyl alcoholC7H8O205.4-15.31.0423.50.608

0.094*1.7135.47

1-butanolC4H10O117.6-89.50.817.70.586

206.31.717.52.59

2-butanolC4H10O99.5-114.70.80818.10.506

100 18.3*1.717.33.1

i-butanolC4H10O107.9-108.20.8038.50.552

10.5*1.817.96.68

2-butanoneC4H8O79.6-86.30.80525.60.3270.512001052.818.60.41

t-butyl alcohol C4H10O82.225.50.786M0.389

100411.712.43.35

carbon disulfideCS246.3-111.61.2630.20.0650.15 1040002.60.36

carbon tetrachlorideCCl476.7-22.41.5940.08 0.0520.18512002.30.90

chlorobenzeneC6H5Cl132-45.61.1060.050.1880.3010121.545.70.75

chloroform CHCl361.2-63.51.4980.80.259

102101.04.80.54

cyclohexaneC6H1280.76.60.7790.0050.0060.04100104020.89

cyclohexanolC6H12O161.125.20.9624.20.509

501.21.915

cyclohexanoneC6H10O155.6-16.40.9482.30.281

2552.9152.00

di-n-butylphthalateC16H22O4340-351.0490.00110.272

16.6

1,1-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl257.3-97.01.1760.50.269

1002401.810

1,2-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl283.5-35.41.2350.870.327

79*1.810.40.78

diethylamineC4H11N56.3-480.706M0.1450.6352601.23.80.32

diethylene glycolC4H10O3245-101.118M0.713

0.0272.331.830.2

diglymeC6H14O3162-640.945M0.244

1.97.231.88

dimethoxyethane (glyme)C4H10O285-580.868M0.231

1.77.31.1

N,N-dimethylanilineC8H11N194.22.40.9560.140.179

dimethylformamide (DMF)C3H7NO153-610.944M0.386

103.53.8370.80

dimethylphthalateC10H10O4283.811.1900.430.309

dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)C2H6OS18918.41.092M0.4440.75

0.61*3.946.72.00

dioxane C4H8O2101.111.81.033M0.1640.5620410.421.18

ethanol C2H6O78.5-114.10.789M0.6540.88100591.7241.08

etherC4H10O34.6-116.30.7137.50.1170.384005871.254.30.22

ethyl acetateC4H8O277-83.60.8948.70.2280.58400971.786.00.43

ethyl acetoacetateC6H10O3180.4-801.0282.90.577

0.78*

ethyl benzoateC9H10O2213-34.61.0470.070.228

2.06.0

ethylene glycol C2H6O2197-131.115M0.7901.11

0.092*2.337.716.1

glycerinC3H8O329017.81.261M0.812

2.742.5934

heptaneC7H1698-90.60.6840.00030.012

4004801.90.39

1-heptanolC7H16O176.4-350.8190.170.549

1.7126.0

hexaneC6H1469-950.6550.00140.0090.015016001.90.29

1-hexanolC6H14O158-46.70.8140.590.559

0.22*

12.50.59

methanolCH4O64.6-980.791M0.7620.952001281.6330.54

methyl acetateC3H6O256.9-98.1 0.93324.40.253

2002201.76.680.36

methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)C5H12O55.2-1090.7414.80.1240.20

250*1.42.60.36

methylene chlorideCH2Cl239.8-96.71.3261.320.3090.42504751.69.00.42

1-octanolC8H18O194.4-150.8270.0960.537

1.710.37.4

pentaneC5H1236.1-129.70.6260.004 0.0090.0060057301.840.23

1-pentanolC5H12O138.0-78.20.8142.20.568

2.2*5.7143.5

2-pentanolC5H12O119.0-500.8104.50.488

6.1*1.713.73.5

3-pentanolC5H12O115.3-80.8215.10.463

8.8*1.713.3

2-pentanoneC5H10O102.3-76.90.8094.30.321

35.4*2.715.40.50

3-pentanoneC5H12O101.7-39.80.8143.40.265

200 37.7*2.817.0

1-propanolC3H8O97-1260.803M0.6170.82

21*1.68221.95

2-propanolC3H8O82.4-88.50.785M0.5460.82400441.66192.07

pyridineC5H5N115.5-420.982M0.3020.715202.2130.88

tetrahydrofuran(THF)C4H8O66-108.40.88630 or M50.2070.572002001.637.50.46

tolueneC7H8110.6-930.8670.050.0990.2950290.362.40.55

waterH2O100.000.000.998M1.000>>1

17.51.8580.10.89

water, heavy D2O101.341.107M0.991

151.8478.31.10

p-xyleneC8H10138.313.30.8610.020.0740.261001502.270.65

1    M = miscible.

2    The values for relative polarity are normalized from measurements of solvent shifts of absorption spectra and were

extracted from Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003.

3     Snyder's empirical eluant strength parameter for alumina.  Extracted from Reichardt, page 495.

4   Threshold limits for exposure.  Extracted from Reichardt, pages 501-502.

5   https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrahydrofuran#section=Solubility

*    25oC

Solventformulaboilingpoint(oC)meltingpoint

(oC) density

(g/mL)solubility

in H2O1 (g/100g)relative

polarity2eluantstrength3thresholdlimits4(ppm)vaporpressure20oC (hPa)dipole

moment

(D)dielectric

constantviscosity

10-3 Pa s

cyclohexaneC6H1280.76.60.7790.0050.0060.04100104020.89

pentaneC5H1236.1-129.70.6260.0039 0.0090.0060057301.840.23

hexaneC6H1469-950.6550.00140.0090.015016001.90.29

heptaneC7H1698-90.60.6840.00030.012

4004801.90.39

carbon tetrachlorideCCl476.7-22.41.5940.08 0.0520.18512002.30.90

carbon disulfideCS246.3-111.61.2630.20.0650.15 1040002.60.36

p-xyleneC8H10138.313.30.8610.020.0740.261001502.270.65

tolueneC7H8110.6-930.8670.050.0990.2450290.362.40.55

benzeneC6H680.15.50.8790.180.1110.320.510102.30.60

etherC4H10O34.6-116.30.7137.50.1170.384005871.254.30.22

methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)C5H12O55.2-1090.7414.80.1240.20

250*1.42.60.36

diethylamineC4H11N56.3-480.706M0.1450.6352601.23.80.32

dioxane C4H8O2101.111.81.033M0.1640.5620410.421.18

N,N-dimethylanilineC8H11N194.22.40.9560.140.179

chlorobenzeneC6H5Cl132-45.61.1060.050.1880.3010121.545.70.75

anisoleC7H8O153.7-37.50.9960.100.198

3.5*1.44.31.05

tetrahydrofuran  (THF)C4H8O66-108.40.88630 or M50.2070.572002001.637.50.46

ethyl acetateC4H8O277-83.60.8948.70.2280.57400971.786.00.43

ethyl benzoateC9H10O2213-34.61.0470.070.228

2.06.0

dimethoxyethane (glyme)C4H10O285-580.868M0.231

1.77.31.1

diglymeC6H14O3162-640.945M0.244

1.97.231.88

methyl acetateC3H6O256.9-98.10.93324.40.253

2002201.76.680.36

chloroform CHCl361.2-63.51.4980.80.2590.40102101.04.80.54

3-pentanoneC5H12O101.7-39.80.8143.40.265

200 37.7*2.817.0

1,1-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl257.3-97.01.1760.50.269

1002401.810

di-n-butyl phthalateC16H22O4340-351.0490.00110.272

16.6

cyclohexanoneC6H10O155.6-16.40.9482.30.281

2552.9152.00

pyridineC5H5N115.5-420.982M0.3020.715202.2130.88

dimethylphthalateC10H10O4283.811.1900.430.309

methylene chlorideCH2Cl239.8-96.71.3261.320.3090.42504751.69.00.42

2-pentanoneC5H10O102.3-76.90.8094.30.321

35.4*2.715.40.50

2-butanoneC4H8O79.6-86.30.80525.60.3270.512001052.818.60.41

1,2-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl283.5-35.41.2350.870.327

79*1.810.40.78

benzonitrileC7H5N205-130.9960.20.333

10124.1261.27

acetoneC3H6O56.2-94.30.786M0.3550.565002402.85210.30

dimethylformamide (DMF)C3H7NO153-610.944M0.386

103.53.8370.80

t-butyl alcohol C4H10O82.225.50.786M0.389

100411.712.43.35

anilineC6H7N184.4-6.01.0223.40.420

20.41.66.83.8

dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)C2H6OS18918.41.092M0.4440.75

0.61*3.946.72.00

acetonitrileC2H3N81.6-460.786M0.4600.6520973.537.50.34

3-pentanolC5H12O115.3-80.8215.10.463

8.8*1.713.3

2-pentanolC5H12O119.0-500.8104.50.488

6.1*1.713.73.5

2-butanolC4H10O99.5-114.70.808 18.10.506

100 18.3*1.717.33.1

cyclohexanolC6H12O161.125.20.9624.20.509

501.21.915

1-octanolC8H18O194.4-150.8270.0960.537

1.710.37.4

2-propanolC3H8O82.4-88.50.785M0.5460.82400441.66192.07

1-heptanolC7H16O176.4-350.8190.170.549

1.7126.0

i-butanolC4H10O107.9-108.20.8038.50.552

1.817.96.68

1-hexanolC6H14O158-46.70.8140.590.559

0.22*

12.54.6

1-pentanolC5H12O138.0-78.20.8142.20.568

2.2*5.7143.5

acetyl acetoneC5H8O2140.4-230.975160.571

33.023

ethyl acetoacetateC6H10O3180.4-801.0282.90.577

0.78*

1-butanolC4H10O117.6-89.50.817.70.586

206.31.717.52.59

benzyl alcoholC7H8O205.4-15.31.0423.50.608

0.094*1.7135.47

1-propanolC3H8O97-1260.803M0.6170.82

21*1.68221.95

acetic acidC2H4O211816.61.049M0.648>11015.31.686.21.12

2-aminoethanolC2H7NO170.910.51.018M0.651

30.532.3 - 2.637.720.8

ethanol C2H6O78.5-114.10.789M0.6540.881000591.7241.08

diethylene glycolC4H10O3245-101.118M0.713

0.0272.331.830.2

methanolCH4O64.6-980.791M0.7620.952001281.6330.54

ethylene glycol C2H6O2197-131.115M0.7901.11

2.337.716.1

glycerinC3H8O329017.81.261M0.812

2.742.5934

water, heavy D2O101.341.107M0.991

151.8478.31.10

waterH2O100.000.000.998M1.000>>1

17.51.8580.10.89

1. IR - Liquid or Solution

NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi

NIST site - http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/

PSLC -  http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

RSC - http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy

ANSYCO - http://www.ansyco.de/technologie/ir-spektren

2. IR - Gas Phase

NIST -  http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/

ANSYCO - http://www.ansyco.de/technologie/ir-spektren

3. Spectral data bases - Fee based

Bio-Rad -  http://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/spectroscopy

4. HNMR - Experimental

NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng

PSLC -  http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

RSC - http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy

Univ. of Wisconsin - http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/

Solvents - http://www2.chem.umd.edu/nmr/reference/isotope_solvent.pdf

http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~webspectra/NotesOnSolvents.html

Deuterated solvents - http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/common_nmr_solvents.html

human metabolites - http://www.hmdb.ca/downloads

bioorganics - http://mmcd.nmrfam.wisc.edu/mmcdbrowse.html

5. HNMR - Calculated

nmrdb - http://www.nmrdb.org/

ChenAxon - https://docs.chemaxon.com/display/docs/NMR+Predictor

6. 13CNMR - Experimental

NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng

PSLC -  http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

RSC - http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy 

7. Mass

NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng

PSLC -  http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

RSC - http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy

Pherobase - http://www.pherobase.com/database/compound/compounds-index.php

RSC - http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy

human metabolites - http://www.hmdb.ca/

8. UV-Vis

NIST site - http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/

OMLC - http://omlc.org/spectra/PhotochemCAD/index.html

RSC - http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy

9. Bibliography - http://research.lib.buffalo.edu/spectra

10. Polymer spectra - http://pslc.uwsp.edu/

11.  Photophysical properties of organic compounds - http://murov.info/photophys.htm

Chemistry sites with chemical properties

A. Elements - Periodic Tables - WebElements - http://www.webelements.com/

http://murov.info/periodictables.htm

History of the elements - http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/

http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/

http://murov.info/timelines.htm

B. Compounds - Properties

1. Tabulation + MSDS

Acros - http://www.acros.com/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__en/tabID__21/DesktopDefault.aspx

Alpha Chemical  - https://www.alfa.com/en/chemicals/

ChemExper Chem. Directory -  http://www.chemexper.com/

Chemidplus -  http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/

or  http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp

Chemindex - http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/chemindex/search.html            Chemspider - http://www.chemspider.com/

http://www.chemspider.com/SimpleSearch.aspx            EMD Chemicals - http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/documents/Z.qb.qB.tecAAAFDDJUsznLq,nav

TCI America - http://www.tcichemicals.com/en/us/support-download/brochure/catalog.html

Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_chemical_formulas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds

Chemical Book - http://www.chemicalbook.com/

2. MSDS or SDS

Aldrich, Sigma - http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/chemical-synthesis/chemical-synthesis-catalog.html

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/AdvancedSearchPage.do

MSDS Solutions - http://www.msds.com/

Vermont Safety Information Resources, Inc. - http://hazard.com/msds/

MSDSprovider - http://www.msdsprovider.com/

MSDS online - https://www.msdsonline.com/

MSDS digital - https://www.msdsdigital.com/

Fisher - https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/catalog/search/sdshome.html

3. Tabulation

Knovel Critical Tables - Free registration required (on registration form,

https://app.knovel.com/web/index.v?jsp=free_titles   , or after clicking on

https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpKCTE000X/viewerType:toc/root_slug:knovel-critical-tables/url_slug:knovel-critical-tables/?

select the Table for Basic Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds and register.

SRC - https://www.srcinc.com/what-we-do/environmental/scientific-databases.html

Chemland 21 - http://www.chemicalland21.com/listaz01.htm

Chemblink http://www.chemblink.com/

WolframAlpha - http://www.wolframalpha.com/

LookChem - http://www.lookchem.com/

Human Metabolome Database - http://www.hmdb.ca/

Madison Metabolomics - http://mmcd.nmrfam.wisc.edu/

EPA - https://chemview.epa.gov/chemview

https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice

Toxnet - HSDB - http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

all Toxnet databases - http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/

PubChem - https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Osha - https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/

Zinc - http://zinc15.docking.org/

C. Search for Compounds from Properties

Acros - http://www.acros.com/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__en/tabID__21/DesktopDefault.aspx

accepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, bp, mp, refractive index, density, ir

Aldrich - http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/substructure/OldSubstructureSearchPage

accepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, mp, bp, density

ChemExper Chem Directory - http://www.chemexper.com/advanced_search.shtml

accepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, bp, mp, refractive index, density, ir, nmr

Chemspider - http://www.chemspider.com/FullSearch.aspx

accepts - formula, molecular mass

Melting point and molecular mass search:  http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/

accepts -  formula, mp, bp

Organic Chemistry Data Base - http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/cmp/cmp.html

accepts - formula, molecular mass, mp, bp, density, refractive index, ir, ms

NIMC site - http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=eng

accepts - formula, molecular mass, ir, nmr, ms

Polymers - http://www.matweb.com/

*   http://www.goodfellowusa.com/

Knovel Critical Tables - Free registration required (on registration form,

https://app.knovel.com/web/index.v?jsp=free_titles  , or after clicking on

 https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpKCTE000X/viewerType:toc/root_slug:knovel-critical-tables/url_slug:knovel-critical-tables/?

select the Table for Basic Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds and register.

Use the sort by ascending or descending order capability for any parameter and also the filter capability.

Search for structure from name - http://www.commonchemistry.org/

Mylims.com -  http://mylims.epfl.ch/lims/default/sample/search.jsp

accepts -formula, molecular, nmr

D. Solvent Properties

http://murov.info/orgsolvents.htm

https://www.organicdivision.org/ama/orig/organic_solvents.html

http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/physical_character_solvents.html

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Aldrich/General_Information/labbasics_pg144.pdf

Knovel Critical Tables - Free registration required (on registration form,

https://app.knovel.com/web/index.v?jsp=free_titles  , or after clicking on

https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpKCTE000X/viewerType:toc/root_slug:knovel-critical-tables/url_slug:knovel-critical-tables/?

select the Table for Basic Physical Properties of Common Solvents and register.

nmr of deuterated solvents

http://verzeichnisse.freepage.de/chemistry/spec_en.htm

http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/common_nmr_solvents.html

E.  Chemical Education Journals

J. Chem. Ed. -  http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jceda8

http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jceda8

Education in Chemistry - http://www.rsc.org/eic/

http://www.rsc.org/eic/e-magazine

Chem13 News - https://uwaterloo.ca/chem13-news-magazine/

F. Chemistry Directory - http://murov.info/webercises.htm

G. Organic Chemistry Directory - http://murov.info/orgchem.htm

H. Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry - http://murov.info/Reaction-Map.htm

For exercise based on the above, please visit:  http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htm

I. Literature search -

https://www.researchgate.net/  

http://scienceresearch.com/scienceresearch/  (partially free) 

https://www.emergingedtech.com/2013/12/top-11-trusted-and-free-search-engines-for-scientific-and-academic-research/ 

https://pacificu.libguides.com/freesciencesearchengines

J. New sites of interest -

ACS highlighted articles - http://pubs.acs.org/editorschoice/

a boat in a cocktail - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lojml0NBNts

K.  Miscellaneous

1.  Acid Base Indicator properties

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/acidbase/indicators.shtm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator

2.  Electronegativities         http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/36_eneg/electroneg.html

https://books.google.com/books?id=g5dYyJMBhCoC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=electronegativity+and+hybridization+of+carbon&source=bl&ots=vqvW0nSWDK&sig=H66L78CP00tbFnPx6MIil8sCxYM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P4zhUeTCKOmvyAGi64CgDQ#v=onepage&q=electronegativity%20and%20hybridization%20of%20carbon&f=false

Other websites by this author are available at:  http://murov.info/

Organic chemistry web sites by this author include:

Organic chemistry milestones:  http://murov.info/organicmilestones.htm

Organic chemistry directory:  http://murov.info/orgchem.htm

Online organic laboratory text:  http://murov.info/orglab/orglab.htm

Organic chemistry exercises (also included in organic laboratory text):  http://murov.info/orglab/exercises.htm

For a larger image and the keys for the Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry, please visit:  http://murov.info/Reaction-Map.htm .  For exercise based on the reaction-map, please visit:  http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htm .

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