Properties of Solvents Used in Organic Chemistry
The values in the table below except as noted have been extracted from online and hardbound compilations . Values for relative polarity, eluant strength, threshold limits and vapor pressure have been extracted from: Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003, and the chemidplus site.下表中的值,但已按说明从联机和硬绑定编译中提取。相对极性、埃卢强度、阈值限制和蒸汽压力的值从以下来源:克里斯蒂安·赖查特、有机化学中的溶剂和溶剂效应、Wiley-VCH 出版社、第 3 版、2003 年和 chemidplus 站点
For
Spectra of Solvents 溶剂光谱and other sites with properties of organic compounds, jump to the bottom of the solvent tables. For an Organic Chemistry Directory, see:
http://murov.info/orgchem.htm .
For a Chemistry Directory, see:
http://murov.info/webercises.htm (Note: The title of this site was recently changed from Properties of Organic Solvents to the present title because the "US Patent and Trademark Office have recently relied on the document to assert that water is an organic solvent.")
The three columns on the right were added in Dec., 2016. Please report any errors to
murovs@yosemite.edu.
For addtional chemistry, science and other web sites, please visit
http://murov.info .
For the most recently posted sites, please visit:
http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htm ,
http://murov.info/timelines.htm ,
http://murov.info/organicmilestones.htm, Photophysical properties of organic compounds -
http://murov.info/photophys.htm .
The tables below were posted (10/23/98), revised (07/28/09) and updated (09/11/18) by Steve Murov, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry. Last link check on 012/01/17.
Table 1 arranged alphabetically,
Table 2 arranged according to increasing polarityTABLE 1
Solventformulaboilingpoint(oC)meltingpoint(oC) density
(g/mL)solubilityin H2O1 (g/100g)relative
polarity2eluantstrength3thresholdlimits4(ppm)vapor
pressure
20oC (hPa)dipole
moment
(D)dielectric
constant
viscosity
10-3 Pa s
acetic acidC2H4O211816.61.049M0.648>11015.31.686.21.12
acetoneC3H6O56.2-94.30.786M0.3550.565002402.85210.30
acetonitrileC2H3N81.6-460.786M0.4600.6520973.537.50.34
acetyl acetoneC5H8O2140.4-230.975160.571
33.023
2-aminoethanolC2H7NO170.910.51.018M0.651
30.532.3 - 2.637.720.8
anilineC6H7N184.4-6.01.0223.40.420
20.41.66.83.8
anisoleC7H8O153.7-37.50.9960.100.198
3.5*1.44.3
benzeneC6H680.15.50.8790.180.1110.320.510102.30.60
benzonitrileC7H5N205-130.9960.20.333
10124.1261.27
benzyl alcoholC7H8O205.4-15.31.0423.50.608
0.094*1.7135.47
1-butanolC4H10O117.6-89.50.817.70.586
206.31.717.52.59
2-butanolC4H10O99.5-114.70.80818.10.506
100 18.3*1.717.33.1
i-butanolC4H10O107.9-108.20.8038.50.552
10.5*1.817.96.68
2-butanoneC4H8O79.6-86.30.80525.60.3270.512001052.818.60.41
t-butyl alcohol C4H10O82.225.50.786M0.389
100411.712.43.35
carbon disulfideCS246.3-111.61.2630.20.0650.15 1040002.60.36
carbon tetrachlorideCCl476.7-22.41.5940.08 0.0520.18512002.30.90
chlorobenzeneC6H5Cl132-45.61.1060.050.1880.3010121.545.70.75
chloroform CHCl361.2-63.51.4980.80.259
102101.04.80.54
cyclohexaneC6H1280.76.60.7790.0050.0060.04100104020.89
cyclohexanolC6H12O161.125.20.9624.20.509
501.21.915
cyclohexanoneC6H10O155.6-16.40.9482.30.281
2552.9152.00
di-n-butylphthalateC16H22O4340-351.0490.00110.272
16.6
1,1-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl257.3-97.01.1760.50.269
1002401.810
1,2-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl283.5-35.41.2350.870.327
79*1.810.40.78
diethylamineC4H11N56.3-480.706M0.1450.6352601.23.80.32
diethylene glycolC4H10O3245-101.118M0.713
0.0272.331.830.2
diglymeC6H14O3162-640.945M0.244
1.97.231.88
dimethoxyethane (glyme)C4H10O285-580.868M0.231
1.77.31.1
N,N-dimethylanilineC8H11N194.22.40.9560.140.179
dimethylformamide (DMF)C3H7NO153-610.944M0.386
103.53.8370.80
dimethylphthalateC10H10O4283.811.1900.430.309
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)C2H6OS18918.41.092M0.4440.75
0.61*3.946.72.00
dioxane C4H8O2101.111.81.033M0.1640.5620410.421.18
ethanol C2H6O78.5-114.10.789M0.6540.88100591.7241.08
etherC4H10O34.6-116.30.7137.50.1170.384005871.254.30.22
ethyl acetateC4H8O277-83.60.8948.70.2280.58400971.786.00.43
ethyl acetoacetateC6H10O3180.4-801.0282.90.577
0.78*
ethyl benzoateC9H10O2213-34.61.0470.070.228
2.06.0
ethylene glycol C2H6O2197-131.115M0.7901.11
0.092*2.337.716.1
glycerinC3H8O329017.81.261M0.812
2.742.5934
heptaneC7H1698-90.60.6840.00030.012
4004801.90.39
1-heptanolC7H16O176.4-350.8190.170.549
1.7126.0
hexaneC6H1469-950.6550.00140.0090.015016001.90.29
1-hexanolC6H14O158-46.70.8140.590.559
0.22*
12.50.59
methanolCH4O64.6-980.791M0.7620.952001281.6330.54
methyl acetateC3H6O256.9-98.1 0.93324.40.253
2002201.76.680.36
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)C5H12O55.2-1090.7414.80.1240.20
250*1.42.60.36
methylene chlorideCH2Cl239.8-96.71.3261.320.3090.42504751.69.00.42
1-octanolC8H18O194.4-150.8270.0960.537
1.710.37.4
pentaneC5H1236.1-129.70.6260.004 0.0090.0060057301.840.23
1-pentanolC5H12O138.0-78.20.8142.20.568
2.2*5.7143.5
2-pentanolC5H12O119.0-500.8104.50.488
6.1*1.713.73.5
3-pentanolC5H12O115.3-80.8215.10.463
8.8*1.713.3
2-pentanoneC5H10O102.3-76.90.8094.30.321
35.4*2.715.40.50
3-pentanoneC5H12O101.7-39.80.8143.40.265
200 37.7*2.817.0
1-propanolC3H8O97-1260.803M0.6170.82
21*1.68221.95
2-propanolC3H8O82.4-88.50.785M0.5460.82400441.66192.07
pyridineC5H5N115.5-420.982M0.3020.715202.2130.88
tetrahydrofuran(THF)C4H8O66-108.40.88630 or M50.2070.572002001.637.50.46
tolueneC7H8110.6-930.8670.050.0990.2950290.362.40.55
waterH2O100.000.000.998M1.000>>1
17.51.8580.10.89
water, heavy D2O101.341.107M0.991
151.8478.31.10
p-xyleneC8H10138.313.30.8610.020.0740.261001502.270.65
1 M = miscible.
2 The values for relative polarity are normalized from measurements of solvent shifts of absorption spectra and were
extracted from Christian Reichardt, Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Publishers, 3rd ed., 2003.
3 Snyder's empirical eluant strength parameter for alumina. Extracted from Reichardt, page 495.
4 Threshold limits for exposure. Extracted from Reichardt, pages 501-502.
5
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrahydrofuran#section=Solubility* 25oC
Solventformulaboilingpoint(oC)meltingpoint
(oC) density
(g/mL)solubility
in H2O1 (g/100g)relative
polarity2eluantstrength3thresholdlimits4(ppm)vaporpressure20oC (hPa)dipole
moment
(D)dielectric
constantviscosity
10-3 Pa s
cyclohexaneC6H1280.76.60.7790.0050.0060.04100104020.89
pentaneC5H1236.1-129.70.6260.0039 0.0090.0060057301.840.23
hexaneC6H1469-950.6550.00140.0090.015016001.90.29
heptaneC7H1698-90.60.6840.00030.012
4004801.90.39
carbon tetrachlorideCCl476.7-22.41.5940.08 0.0520.18512002.30.90
carbon disulfideCS246.3-111.61.2630.20.0650.15 1040002.60.36
p-xyleneC8H10138.313.30.8610.020.0740.261001502.270.65
tolueneC7H8110.6-930.8670.050.0990.2450290.362.40.55
benzeneC6H680.15.50.8790.180.1110.320.510102.30.60
etherC4H10O34.6-116.30.7137.50.1170.384005871.254.30.22
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE)C5H12O55.2-1090.7414.80.1240.20
250*1.42.60.36
diethylamineC4H11N56.3-480.706M0.1450.6352601.23.80.32
dioxane C4H8O2101.111.81.033M0.1640.5620410.421.18
N,N-dimethylanilineC8H11N194.22.40.9560.140.179
chlorobenzeneC6H5Cl132-45.61.1060.050.1880.3010121.545.70.75
anisoleC7H8O153.7-37.50.9960.100.198
3.5*1.44.31.05
tetrahydrofuran (THF)C4H8O66-108.40.88630 or M50.2070.572002001.637.50.46
ethyl acetateC4H8O277-83.60.8948.70.2280.57400971.786.00.43
ethyl benzoateC9H10O2213-34.61.0470.070.228
2.06.0
dimethoxyethane (glyme)C4H10O285-580.868M0.231
1.77.31.1
diglymeC6H14O3162-640.945M0.244
1.97.231.88
methyl acetateC3H6O256.9-98.10.93324.40.253
2002201.76.680.36
chloroform CHCl361.2-63.51.4980.80.2590.40102101.04.80.54
3-pentanoneC5H12O101.7-39.80.8143.40.265
200 37.7*2.817.0
1,1-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl257.3-97.01.1760.50.269
1002401.810
di-n-butyl phthalateC16H22O4340-351.0490.00110.272
16.6
cyclohexanoneC6H10O155.6-16.40.9482.30.281
2552.9152.00
pyridineC5H5N115.5-420.982M0.3020.715202.2130.88
dimethylphthalateC10H10O4283.811.1900.430.309
methylene chlorideCH2Cl239.8-96.71.3261.320.3090.42504751.69.00.42
2-pentanoneC5H10O102.3-76.90.8094.30.321
35.4*2.715.40.50
2-butanoneC4H8O79.6-86.30.80525.60.3270.512001052.818.60.41
1,2-dichloroethaneC2H4Cl283.5-35.41.2350.870.327
79*1.810.40.78
benzonitrileC7H5N205-130.9960.20.333
10124.1261.27
acetoneC3H6O56.2-94.30.786M0.3550.565002402.85210.30
dimethylformamide (DMF)C3H7NO153-610.944M0.386
103.53.8370.80
t-butyl alcohol C4H10O82.225.50.786M0.389
100411.712.43.35
anilineC6H7N184.4-6.01.0223.40.420
20.41.66.83.8
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)C2H6OS18918.41.092M0.4440.75
0.61*3.946.72.00
acetonitrileC2H3N81.6-460.786M0.4600.6520973.537.50.34
3-pentanolC5H12O115.3-80.8215.10.463
8.8*1.713.3
2-pentanolC5H12O119.0-500.8104.50.488
6.1*1.713.73.5
2-butanolC4H10O99.5-114.70.808 18.10.506
100 18.3*1.717.33.1
cyclohexanolC6H12O161.125.20.9624.20.509
501.21.915
1-octanolC8H18O194.4-150.8270.0960.537
1.710.37.4
2-propanolC3H8O82.4-88.50.785M0.5460.82400441.66192.07
1-heptanolC7H16O176.4-350.8190.170.549
1.7126.0
i-butanolC4H10O107.9-108.20.8038.50.552
1.817.96.68
1-hexanolC6H14O158-46.70.8140.590.559
0.22*
12.54.6
1-pentanolC5H12O138.0-78.20.8142.20.568
2.2*5.7143.5
acetyl acetoneC5H8O2140.4-230.975160.571
33.023
ethyl acetoacetateC6H10O3180.4-801.0282.90.577
0.78*
1-butanolC4H10O117.6-89.50.817.70.586
206.31.717.52.59
benzyl alcoholC7H8O205.4-15.31.0423.50.608
0.094*1.7135.47
1-propanolC3H8O97-1260.803M0.6170.82
21*1.68221.95
acetic acidC2H4O211816.61.049M0.648>11015.31.686.21.12
2-aminoethanolC2H7NO170.910.51.018M0.651
30.532.3 - 2.637.720.8
ethanol C2H6O78.5-114.10.789M0.6540.881000591.7241.08
diethylene glycolC4H10O3245-101.118M0.713
0.0272.331.830.2
methanolCH4O64.6-980.791M0.7620.952001281.6330.54
ethylene glycol C2H6O2197-131.115M0.7901.11
2.337.716.1
glycerinC3H8O329017.81.261M0.812
2.742.5934
water, heavy D2O101.341.107M0.991
151.8478.31.10
waterH2O100.000.000.998M1.000>>1
17.51.8580.10.89
1. IR - Liquid or Solution
NIMC site -
http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgiNIST site -
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/PSLC -
http://pslc.uwsp.edu/RSC -
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopyANSYCO -
http://www.ansyco.de/technologie/ir-spektren2. IR - Gas Phase
NIST -
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ANSYCO -
http://www.ansyco.de/technologie/ir-spektren3. Spectral data bases - Fee based
Bio-Rad -
http://www.bio-rad.com/en-us/spectroscopy4. HNMR - Experimental
NIMC site -
http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=engPSLC -
http://pslc.uwsp.edu/RSC -
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopyUniv. of Wisconsin -
http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/Solvents -
http://www2.chem.umd.edu/nmr/reference/isotope_solvent.pdfhttp://www.chem.ucla.edu/~webspectra/NotesOnSolvents.htmlDeuterated solvents -
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/common_nmr_solvents.htmlhuman metabolites -
http://www.hmdb.ca/downloadsbioorganics -
http://mmcd.nmrfam.wisc.edu/mmcdbrowse.html5. HNMR - Calculated
nmrdb -
http://www.nmrdb.org/ChenAxon -
https://docs.chemaxon.com/display/docs/NMR+Predictor6. 13CNMR - Experimental
NIMC site -
http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=engPSLC -
http://pslc.uwsp.edu/RSC -
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy 7. Mass
NIMC site -
http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=engPSLC -
http://pslc.uwsp.edu/RSC -
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopyPherobase -
http://www.pherobase.com/database/compound/compounds-index.phpRSC -
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopyhuman metabolites -
http://www.hmdb.ca/8. UV-Vis
NIST site -
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/OMLC -
http://omlc.org/spectra/PhotochemCAD/index.htmlRSC -
http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/collections/spectroscopy9. Bibliography -
http://research.lib.buffalo.edu/spectra10. Polymer spectra -
http://pslc.uwsp.edu/11. Photophysical properties of organic compounds -
http://murov.info/photophys.htmChemistry sites with chemical properties
A. Elements - Periodic Tables - WebElements -
http://www.webelements.com/http://murov.info/periodictables.htmHistory of the elements -
http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/http://murov.info/timelines.htmB. Compounds - Properties
1. Tabulation + MSDS
Acros -
http://www.acros.com/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__en/tabID__21/DesktopDefault.aspxAlpha Chemical -
https://www.alfa.com/en/chemicals/ChemExper Chem. Directory -
http://www.chemexper.com/Chemidplus -
http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/or
http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jspChemindex -
http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/chemindex/search.html Chemspider -
http://www.chemspider.com/http://www.chemspider.com/SimpleSearch.aspx EMD Chemicals -
http://www.emdmillipore.com/US/en/documents/Z.qb.qB.tecAAAFDDJUsznLq,navTCI America -
http://www.tcichemicals.com/en/us/support-download/brochure/catalog.htmlWikipedia -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_chemical_formulashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compoundsChemical Book -
http://www.chemicalbook.com/2. MSDS or SDS
Aldrich, Sigma -
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/chemical-synthesis/chemical-synthesis-catalog.htmlhttp://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/AdvancedSearchPage.doMSDS Solutions -
http://www.msds.com/Vermont Safety Information Resources, Inc. -
http://hazard.com/msds/MSDSprovider -
http://www.msdsprovider.com/MSDS online -
https://www.msdsonline.com/MSDS digital -
https://www.msdsdigital.com/Fisher -
https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/catalog/search/sdshome.html3. Tabulation
Knovel Critical Tables - Free registration required (on registration form,
https://app.knovel.com/web/index.v?jsp=free_titles , or after clicking on
https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpKCTE000X/viewerType:toc/root_slug:knovel-critical-tables/url_slug:knovel-critical-tables/?select the Table for Basic Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds and register.
SRC -
https://www.srcinc.com/what-we-do/environmental/scientific-databases.htmlChemland 21 -
http://www.chemicalland21.com/listaz01.htmChemblink
http://www.chemblink.com/WolframAlpha -
http://www.wolframalpha.com/LookChem -
http://www.lookchem.com/Human Metabolome Database -
http://www.hmdb.ca/Madison Metabolomics -
http://mmcd.nmrfam.wisc.edu/EPA -
https://chemview.epa.gov/chemviewhttps://www.epa.gov/saferchoiceToxnet - HSDB -
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDBall Toxnet databases -
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/PubChem -
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Osha -
https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/Zinc -
http://zinc15.docking.org/C. Search for Compounds from Properties
Acros -
http://www.acros.com/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__en/tabID__21/DesktopDefault.aspxaccepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, bp, mp, refractive index, density, ir
Aldrich -
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/substructure/OldSubstructureSearchPageaccepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, mp, bp, density
ChemExper Chem Directory -
http://www.chemexper.com/advanced_search.shtmlaccepts - formula, structure, molecular mass, bp, mp, refractive index, density, ir, nmr
Chemspider -
http://www.chemspider.com/FullSearch.aspxaccepts - formula, molecular mass
Melting point and molecular mass search:
http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/accepts - formula, mp, bp
Organic Chemistry Data Base -
http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/cmp/cmp.htmlaccepts - formula, molecular mass, mp, bp, density, refractive index, ir, ms
NIMC site -
http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi?lang=engaccepts - formula, molecular mass, ir, nmr, ms
Polymers -
http://www.matweb.com/*
http://www.goodfellowusa.com/Knovel Critical Tables - Free registration required (on registration form,
https://app.knovel.com/web/index.v?jsp=free_titles , or after clicking on
https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpKCTE000X/viewerType:toc/root_slug:knovel-critical-tables/url_slug:knovel-critical-tables/?select the Table for Basic Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds and register.
Use the sort by ascending or descending order capability for any parameter and also the filter capability.
Search for structure from name -
http://www.commonchemistry.org/Mylims.com -
http://mylims.epfl.ch/lims/default/sample/search.jspaccepts -formula, molecular, nmr
D. Solvent Properties
http://murov.info/orgsolvents.htmhttps://www.organicdivision.org/ama/orig/organic_solvents.htmlhttp://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/physical_character_solvents.htmlhttps://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Aldrich/General_Information/labbasics_pg144.pdfKnovel Critical Tables - Free registration required (on registration form,
https://app.knovel.com/web/index.v?jsp=free_titles , or after clicking on
https://app.knovel.com/web/toc.v/cid:kpKCTE000X/viewerType:toc/root_slug:knovel-critical-tables/url_slug:knovel-critical-tables/?select the Table for Basic Physical Properties of Common Solvents and register.
nmr of deuterated solvents
http://verzeichnisse.freepage.de/chemistry/spec_en.htmhttp://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/common_nmr_solvents.htmlE. Chemical Education Journals
J. Chem. Ed. -
http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jceda8http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jceda8Education in Chemistry -
http://www.rsc.org/eic/http://www.rsc.org/eic/e-magazineChem13 News -
https://uwaterloo.ca/chem13-news-magazine/F. Chemistry Directory -
http://murov.info/webercises.htmG. Organic Chemistry Directory -
http://murov.info/orgchem.htmH. Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry -
http://murov.info/Reaction-Map.htmFor exercise based on the above, please visit:
http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htmI. Literature search -
https://www.researchgate.net/ http://scienceresearch.com/scienceresearch/ (partially free) https://www.emergingedtech.com/2013/12/top-11-trusted-and-free-search-engines-for-scientific-and-academic-research/ https://pacificu.libguides.com/freesciencesearchenginesJ. New sites of interest -
ACS highlighted articles -
http://pubs.acs.org/editorschoice/a boat in a cocktail -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lojml0NBNtsK. Miscellaneous
1. Acid Base Indicator properties
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/acidbase/indicators.shtmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator2. Electronegativities
http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/36_eneg/electroneg.htmlhttps://books.google.com/books?id=g5dYyJMBhCoC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=electronegativity+and+hybridization+of+carbon&source=bl&ots=vqvW0nSWDK&sig=H66L78CP00tbFnPx6MIil8sCxYM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P4zhUeTCKOmvyAGi64CgDQ#v=onepage&q=electronegativity%20and%20hybridization%20of%20carbon&f=falseOther websites by this author are available at:
http://murov.info/Organic chemistry web sites by this author include:
Organic chemistry milestones:
http://murov.info/organicmilestones.htmOrganic chemistry directory:
http://murov.info/orgchem.htmOnline organic laboratory text:
http://murov.info/orglab/orglab.htmOrganic chemistry exercises (also included in organic laboratory text):
http://murov.info/orglab/exercises.htmFor a larger image and the keys for the Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry, please visit:
http://murov.info/Reaction-Map.htm . For exercise based on the reaction-map, please visit:
http://murov.info/orgchemrxnexe.htm .
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