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乔布斯亲述苹果成功的秘密(清华管理课笔记10)

宁向东,清华大学经济管理学院教授、博士生导师、曾任清华大学公司治理研究中心主任,兼任潍柴动力、南方航空、中国石化销售公司等企业独立董事,为三星、化为等国内外企业提供顾问服务,担任中组部、国资委等部委培训项目的责任教授。

宁向东老师提纯了清华尽管学院几门核心课程的精华,用浅白的语言,讲出深邃的思想。每天一节课,一年帮你同经典管理学。

本文是我在得到上面学习宁向东老师课程的笔记,在此分享给大家。

乔布斯重归苹果之后的故事,太多人讲过。但我们今天的课,集中在早年的乔布斯身上,因为在我看来,那时的乔布斯,虽然缺少历练,但更值得尊敬。而早年的乔布斯,对你锻炼自己,参考价值更大。

今天的课程主题,是战略型领导,乔布斯一生的经历都告诉我们:他逐渐磨砺出来的,就是一种战略型领导能力,也就是由他为公司设定愿景,利用他的直觉为公司找到发展方向,恰当地把握机会,为组织赢得竞争能力。只不过,他的早年经历,我们不是很熟悉。

1.复盘:乔布斯和苹果的早期发展

1976年乔布斯和沃兹尼亚克正式注册了苹果公司,生产出第一台真正意义上的个人电脑。

乔布斯给自己的定位是用他异常敏锐的洞察力,毫不犹豫地采取行动、把握机会,从战略层面上引领大家。而他与沃兹尼亚克的合作让他坚定了一个信念:只要和技术天才合作,没有什么是不可能的。

早年的乔布斯

1995年,乔布斯曾经接受了一个访问,原始录影带长达70分钟。由于导播的原因,这卷访谈的录影带被所有人认为是在运输的路上丢失了。乔布斯一生极少接受采访,所以当2012年,导播偶然在车库里发现了这卷录影带的时候,长达16年的埋没,让这盘录影带价值连城。今天的课后,我把一部分录影带的原文和译稿,放在推荐阅读的位置上,希望对你有所启发。

在这个访谈里,你可以看到乔布斯的真实想法。乔布斯说:我不在乎犯错,我承认我做错了很多事。但是,有太多事情,对我真的不重要,对我真正重要的只有一件事:就是我是不是做了正确的事。后面的课,我们会讲到,选择做正确的事,找到正确的方向,这是战略管理的关键,也是建立战略型领导模式的基础。

2.找到第一流的人才

在乔布斯的战略型领导模式中,牛人是个关键要素。乔布斯说,要做到正确的事,首先要找到第一流的人。乔布斯的这个观念,是很多企业领导人的共识。

乔布斯与沃兹尼亚克

乔布斯说,我的成功,绝大部分来自于找到真正有天分的人,不是第二流人才,不是第三流人才,而是真正的第一流人才。当你真正找到优秀人才的时候,他们真正喜欢在一起工作,你不需要小心翼翼地呵护他们的自尊心,他们也不需要你的呵护,因为大家都明白,工作结果才是最重要的。而要能够引领第一流的人去忘我地投入到工作之中,就一定要建构一个愿景,让他们知道他们正在做着改变历史的事情。这是乔布斯式“战略型领导模式”的秘诀,你如果要建立“战略型领导模式”,也应该参考这一点。你的现状可能和马云在1999年时没有差别,都是一个小公司。但是,你和乔布斯、和马云的差距,不在于公司的规模,也不在于行业,而是你们的认知、志向和愿景上是不是有相似之处。

3.让一流人才追随你的战略愿景

乔布斯之所以被赶出苹果,根子上是和乔布斯自己请来的CEO斯卡利不和。在我看,双方其实都没有错,只是他们之间水火不容,都想置对方于死地。很不幸的是,乔布斯的密谋没有实现,被清洗出局。

斯卡利是个职业经理人,他是一种标准的市场管理思维,其实他并没有错,他必须要让公司活下去,这是他作为经营一把手的责任。所以,斯卡利要迎合市场,他必须要服务于客户的基本需求。当时的经营情况也确实不好,核心产品“麦金塔”的销量在直线下降,来自于IBM产品的竞争压力也越来越大,乔布斯直接管理的“麦金塔”部门也拿不出更好的解决方案。这一切都变成了斯卡利要改变公司运营逻辑,改变领导方式的压力。在这种情况下,乔布斯的战略型领导模式就没有办法实行下去,所以他要把乔布斯赶出局。

而乔布斯却并不想按照斯卡利的方向去行动。作为战略型的领导者,他不想简单地屈从于市场,不想为了现有客户进行简单的修补,而是希望引导市场的走向,所以他才和斯卡利水火不容。比如,他想收购“制图组公司”,因为他从骨子里认定这是计算机的未来,制图技术至关重要。但是,这在斯卡利看来,都是入不敷出的。所以,两个领导人对于未来方向判断的不同,领导风格的不同,导致了冲突。而在乔布斯的性格中,从来没有“妥协”这个词,于是,乔布斯最终出局。

乔布斯与斯卡利

乔布斯的出局,让苹果失去了“心脏”。很多苹果员工,都是乔布斯战略型领导模式的追随者,他们来到苹果,就是因为乔布斯给他们灌输了梦想。所以当乔布斯离开苹果之后,苹果彻底失去了实现初衷的可能性。第一流的人员也开始相继出走,公司变得越来越平庸。所有的职业经理人,都没有机会挽回公司的颓势。这也就是为什么我们要向早年乔布斯致敬的原因。因为那个阶段的他,更让我们看清了战略型领导者的力量。

在那卷录影带中,乔布斯是这样评价他的理念和他的离开的。他说,斯卡利认为,只要有了一个很棒的想法,事情就成功了90%,然后他会告诉产品团队的人,把产品做出来。但是,实际情况不是这样。好的想法和好的产品,中间还有很大的距离,需要大量的加工。当你在加工原来那个“很棒的想法”的时候,概念开始出现变化,渐渐地你会发现很多时候和你最初的想象不一样,这就需要你深入细节、改变想法。乔布斯还说,真正有魔力的地方,是每天你都会有新的想法,你要用5000个点子,打磨出一个好产品。这才是真正的“流程”,也是企业的魔法所在。显然,乔布斯是说,他的领导模式是把握方向,让那些第一流的干才把他们的创造力,发挥到极致。

今天的课,我用早年乔布斯的两段故事,讲解了战略型领导模式的概念,其中的核心,是领导者要找到第一流的干才,然后把战略愿景展示给能够追随自己的那些干才。这一点,千万不要忘了。

——课后思考——

这一周我们讲了五种不同的领导模式,今天课后请你思考一下,这些领导模式是否可以同时被应用呢?

欢迎大家留意讨论

推荐阅读

1995年接受采访的乔布斯,那时他还未返回苹果

以下摘自乔布斯1995年接受Bob Cringley采访时所说的原话:

1.什么是一流人才?

乔布斯:

我之所以成功,很大程度是因为找到了真正有天分的人才。不是二流、三流人才,而是真正的一流人才。

当你在高强度的工作过程中,千辛万苦找到五个顶尖人才,并把他们聚在一起时,他们会真的喜欢一起工作,因为以前从没有这样的机会。这个时候,他们就不想再想和二流、三流人才共事了。这又继续演变成一种自我约束行为,他们也只会想聘“顶尖人才”。

假如你找到的是真的非常棒的人才,他们会知道自己很棒。你不需要悉心呵护他们的自尊心,真正重要的是工作表现。他们也非常清楚,最重要的是工作表现。

我想,你能替他们做的最重要的事,就是告诉他们哪里还不够好,而且要说得非常清楚,解释为什么,然后把他们拉回正轨。

但是说话的方式,你要注意不能让他们觉得你在质疑他们的能力,同时你也不能留给他们太多空间来解释为什么东西不够好。这很难,所以我一直用最直接的方式,如果你访问和我共事过的同事,有些人会告诉你他们的确痛恨这种方式。但是那些真正杰出的人,他们会觉得这个方式对他们有益。

我有时会骂某人的工作成果像狗屎,这通常只意味他们的工作成果像狗屎,有的时候是我说错了,但通常情况下,那意味着他们的成果离“很好”还差得很远。

我想,若问麦金塔团队成员他们的感受,很多人会说他们不曾如此卖命过,有些会说那是他们最快乐的时光,不过我想所有人都会说,这肯定是他们人生中,最刺激也最珍贵的经历。

乔布斯原话:

Very few things in life are like this but what I was lucky enough to spend my life in is like this. And so I’ve built a lot of my success off finding these truly gifted people and not settling for B and C players but really going for the A players and I found something. I found that when you get enough players together when you go through the incredible work to find five of these players, they really like working with each other because they’ve never had a chance to do that before. And they don’t want to work with B and C players. And so it becomes self policing and they only want to hire more A players and so you build up these pockets of a players and it propagates.

I think if you talk to a lot of people on the Mac team, they will tell you it’s the hardest they’ve ever worked in their life. Some of them will tell you that it was the happiest they’ve ever been in their life. But I think all of them will tell you that is certainly one of the most intense and cherished experiences they well ever have in their life.

It usually means their work is shit. Sometimes it means I think your work is shit and I’m wrong. But usually it means their work is not anywhere near good enough. When you get really good people they know they’re really good and you don’t have to baby people’s egos so much and what really matters is the work and everybody knows that.

That’s all that matters is the work. People are being counted on to do specific pieces of the puzzle and the most important thing I think you can do for somebody who is really good an who’s really being counted on is to point out to them when their work isn’t good enough. And to do it very clearly and to articulate why and to get them back on track. And you need to do that in a way but leaves not too much room for interpretation that the work they have done for this particular thing is not good enough to support the goal of the team. And that’s hard thing to do. And I’ve always taken a very direct approach. And I think if you talk to people that have worked with me the really good people have found it beneficial. Some people have hated it you know.

2.会制造噪音的团队,才会磨出美丽的石头

乔布斯:

每次刚开始策划新产品时,我们会有很多很棒的想法,整个团队都对他们自己的想法深信不疑。这一刻,我总会想起小时候的一幕:

我在街上遇到一个丧偶的男人,他已经八十岁了,我记得他花钱请我帮他除草。有一天他说,到我的车库来,我有东西给你看。接着,他拉出老旧的磨石机,架子上只有一个马达、咖啡罐和连接两者的皮带。我们到后院捡了一些石头,都是普通、老旧、不起眼的石头。我们把石头丢进罐里,倒点水,加点粗砂粉,把罐子盖起来。他打开马达说:“明天再来看看。”

我第二天过来,打开罐子,拿出来的是令人惊艳,美极了的石头!本来只是寻常不过的石头,经过互相摩擦、互相砥砺,发出些许噪音,结果变成了美丽光滑的石头。这件事我一直记在脑海里。

在我心里,这个比喻,最能代表一个为理想奋斗的团队的样子。它集合了一群才华洋溢的伙伴,他们互相冲撞、争执,甚至大吵,制造一些噪音。但是,在工作过程中,他们会让对方变得更棒,也让点子变得更棒,最后的结果,就是产出“美丽的石头”。

乔布斯原话:

And so we had a lot of great ideas when we started but what I’ve always felt that a team of people doing something they really believe in is like when I was a young kid there was a widowed man that lived up the street. And he was in his 80s. He was a little scary looking. And I got to know him a little bit. I think he might have paid me to mow his lawn or something.

One day he said come on into my garage I want to show you something. And he pulled out this dusty old rock tumbler. It was a motor and a coffee can and a little band between them. And he said come on with me. We went out to the back and we got some rocks. Some regular old ugly rocks. And we put them in the can with a little bit of liquid and a little bit of grit powder. We closed the can up and he turned this motor on and said come back tomorrow. And this can was making a racket as the stones went around. And I came back the next day and we opened the can and we took out these amazingly beautiful polished rocks. The same common stones that had gone ong, through rubbing against each other like this, creating a little bit of friction, creating a little bit of noise, had come out these beautiful polished rocks.

That’s always been in my mind my metaphor for a team working really hard on something they’re passionate about is that it’s through the team through that group of incredibly talented people bumping up against each other, having arguments, having fights sometimes. Making some noise. And working together they polish each other and they polish the ideas. And what comes out are these really beautiful stones.

3.什么是伟大的愿景?

乔布斯:

我小时候在《科学家》杂志读到过一篇文章,说的是科学家研究地球上各物种的运动效率,有熊、黑猩猩、浣熊、鸟类和鱼类,测量它们行走每公里需要花费多少大卡,人类也在这个测试中。结果是兀鹫胜出,它是最有效率的物种,而自命不凡的人类表现不怎么起眼,排名也就在前三分之一的位置。

不过有人很聪明,测量了一下人类骑自行车的效率,这就让兀鹫落了下风,从而称霸整个排行榜。

这件事对我的影响很大,我谨记:人类是工具的建造者。我们所创造的工具,可以大幅增强我们的能力。早年在苹果真的有这样的广告,说个人计算机是心灵的自行车。我衷心相信,在人类所有的发明中,计算机的排名一定高高在上,日后必定如此,它是我们发明过最棒的工具。

我很幸运,能够躬逢其盛,能在硅谷亲眼目睹它的成形。一场太空旅行,出发时失之毫厘,到了太空中便差之千里。我觉得我们仍在航道的开始处,假如能够朝正确的方向航行,它会发展成更好的东西。

乔布斯原话:

I read an article when I was very young in Scientific American and it measured the efficiency of locomotion for various species and the planet. So for bears and chimpanzees and raccoons and birds and fish. How many kilocalories per kilometer did they spend to move? And humans were measured too. And the condor won. It was the most efficient. And mankind, the crown of creation, came in with a rather unimpressive showing about a third of the way down the list.

But somebody there had the brilliance to test a human riding a bicycle. Blew away the condor. All the way off the charts. And I remember this really had an impact on me. I really remember this that humans are tool builder and we build tools that can dramatically amplify our innate human abilities. And to me we actually ran an ad like this in the early days at Apple the personal computer was the bicycle of the mind and I believe that with every bone in my body that of all the inventions of humans the computer is going to rank near, if not, at the top as history unfolds and we look back. And it is the most awesome tool that we have ever invented and I feel incredibly lucky to be at exactly the right place in Silicon Valley at exactly the right time historically where this invention has taken form.

And as you know when you set a vector off in space if you can change its direction a little bit at the beginning it’s dramatic when it gets a few miles out in space. I feel we are still really at the beginning of that vector. And if we can nudge it in the right directions it will be a much better thing as it progresses on.

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