【DKV】数据中心基础设施业主认为模块化是资金配置的有效方法

Data Center Facility Owners See Modules as Efficient Way to Deploy Capital

数据中心基础设施业主认为模块化是资金配置的有效方法

Compass sets the course withnew modular data center approach.

The term modularhas been used to describe a variety of approaches to data center design.Historically, the first commercially available modular design was a 2007 SunMicrosystems container-based product called the Black Box. Today, the termdescribes products that range from shipping containers and simple repeateddesigns to fully manufactured IT spaces and MEP systems built in factories andshipped to various sites.    

“模块化”一词一直被用作设计数据中心的各种方法，历史上，第一个商业模块化设计是2007年Sun Microsystems公司基于集装箱的被叫做Black Box的产品。当下，这个属于所描述的产品范围从船用集装箱及其简化重复设计到完全工厂化制作的构建的IT空间和MEP系统，可以运送到各种不同类型的（数据中心）现场。

Many modulardata center providers have written white papers that tout the benefits of theirproprietary designs, but there are also some informative reports on the ins andouts of modular design. John Stanley of 451 Research presented the results ofhis survey work at the Uptime Institute Symposium in May 2012. He surveyed 35companies that use and provide various types of modular solutions for datacenters. His research pointed out that 65% of those surveyed deployed capacityin ‘chunky’ increments, specifically highlighting the need for small chunks ofcapacity per module or deployment to match growth of their data centers.

许多模块化数据中心提供商都写了白皮书，宣扬其专利设计的好处，但是也有一些关于模块化设计的详细的信息报告。451 Research的John Stanley2012年5月在UptimeInstitute 研讨会上公布了他的调查结果。他调查了35家公司，他们都使用并提供各种类型数据中心模块化解决方案。他研究指出，65%的被调查者在“厚实的”增量中部署了容量，特别强调了每个模块或部署的小块容量，以匹配其数据中心的增长。

 

Compass hasbased its business strategy on this industry driver and five main features of modulardesign:

Compass基于这个行业驱动因素和模块化设计的五个主要特点制定了商业策略:

·         High quality

高质量

·         Low construction costs 

低建设成本

·         Speed to deploy 

快速部署

·         Integrated supply chain

完整的供应链

·         Low operating costs 

低运行费用

In the GreenGrid paper, “Deploying and Using Containerized/Modular Data Center Facilities,”published in November 2011, the Green Grid demonstrated that modular datacenters can follow capacity requirements more closely, freeing capital andkeeping MEP systems more fully loaded than large-scale deployments. The authorsof the paper showed that end users could employ their utility systems and floorspaces more fully, without undue concern for system exhaustion or spacestarvation. The authors discuss how small increments of capacity can followcompute demands more closely, with the caveat that the facility must also havea faster implementation cycle in order to match the changing IT requirements.

在绿格组织2011年11月发表的论文《部署和使用集装箱/模块化数据中心基础设施》中，绿色网格证实模块化数据中心能够更贴近容量需求，释放资金，而且保持MEP系统与大规模的（设施）部署相比，更充分的带载。这篇文章的作者表明用户端可以更充分的利用其公共设施和地板空间，无需过度关注系统耗尽或者空间不足。作者也讨论了容量小幅增加如何更贴近计算需求的措施，并且告诫基础设施也必须（制定）更快的实施周期以匹配IT需求的变化。

The data centerindustry is beginning to realize the benefits of the early industrialrevolution. Standardized modular power center designs provide some of the samebenefits to design and construction personnel. Instead of hand-building customelectrical systems for each data center, the modular approach allows forgreater deployment speed, improved quality and lower costs, all achieved byusing factory-based labor. The use of modules also relieves labor stacking onthe job site, while reducing the overall cost of the work by a significantamount.

数据中心行业开始认识到早期工业革命的好处。标准模块化电力中心设计为设计和施工人员提供了一些同样的便利。不是手工为每个数据中心定制电力系统，模块化的方式允许更快的部署速度，提高质量和降低成本，所有这一切都是基于工厂化的劳动来是想的。模块的使用也减少的现场劳动力的堆积，同时也大大降低了劳动力总提成本。

In his 1936paper, Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes, T.P. Wright first quantifiedthe cost savings that could be attained using factory labor. Wright showed thatthe direct labor cost of assembling an airframe decreased by roughly 20% foreach doubling of the production numbers. In other words, if the labor cost ofbuilding one airframe was $1,000,000, the labor cost of building two of thesame models might be $800,000 each. Doubling again would mean the cost of fourthe same airframes would be $640,000 each, or 36% lower than the first uniquemodel.

在其1936文章中，（描述了）影响飞机成本的因素,T.P.Wright首先量化了使用工厂化劳动可以节约的成本。Wright表示，产品数量每增加一倍，组装飞机机身的直接人工成本就会减少20%。换句话讲，假设构建一架飞机机身的劳动力成本是100万美元，那么构建两架同型号飞机机身的劳动力成本可能就是80万$/架。如果再翻一倍，（构建）四架同型号飞机机身的劳动力成本将是64万美元/架，或者说比第一台单一型号（所花费的劳动力）将低36%。

Compass DataCenters intended to take advantage of this principle as it developed itspatent-pending solution. In doing so, Compass has found that modular designsenable it to:

Compass数据中心打算利用这些原则开发专利型解决方案。在此过程中，Compass还发现模块化设计是其能够：

·         Benefit from learning-curvedynamics to improve quality and speed of implementation with each iteration

从动态学习曲线中获益，在每次迭代中提高质量和实施速度。

·         Lower operating costs from designefficiencies that tune initial innovative ideas

从最初的创新理念转化为设计效率中降低运行成本。

·         Provide predictable reliabilityattributes and repeatable, low-cost operations

提供可预期的可靠性和可服用性，低成本运行。

·         Deliver a standard product

交付标准化的产品。

As a result,Compass has moved from building a prototype on every data center project toproductizing the data center program and build.

因此，Compass已经从构建每个数据中心模型转移到生产数据中心程序和构建上。

Despite thefact that the industry has not settled on a clear definition of the ‘modulardata center,’ it is attempting to evade this ambiguity by proclaiming thecoming of ‘Version 2,’ which seems to include prefabrication as a fundamentalelement. Before, modular construction was associated with ISO containers andpackaged chillers. Now, modularity is being embraced as synonymous with sounddesign and sound capital usage.

尽管实施上业内还没完全确定“模块化数据中心”的明确定义，试图通过发布即将到来的2.0版本来规避这些模糊概念，该版本似乎将预制化作为一个基本元素。之前，模块化建设是与集装箱和打包冷站关联在一起的。现在，模块化是作为健全的设计和合理的资本使用的同义词被接受的。

The Compass Deployment

Compass 的部署

Every data center design begins with the establishment of availability andpower requirements – reliability and power density are the cornerstones of anydata center specification. The business needs of the enterprise and the IT applicationsto be contained within the data center should drive these decisions.

每个数据中心设计都是从构建其可用性和电力需求开始的-可靠性和电力密度是任一数据中心规范的基础。企业的业务需求和数据中心中的IT应用理应驱动这些决策。

Virtually everyinitial design addresses the project power requirements and references theUptime Institute’s well-known Tier specifications to define reliabilityrequirements. Uptime’s Tier Standard helps define the equipment and systemsrequired to support the reliability and power demands of the business’s ITmodel. If the needs of a business are truly defined by an Uptime Tier IIIspecification, then its data center design should be certifiable as a Tier IIIdesign.

实际上每个（数据中心的）最初设计都解决项目电力需求和参考（业内）知名的UptimeInstitute的Tier 规范去定义可靠性需求。Uptime的Tier标准有助于定义支持业务的IT模型可靠性和电力需求所需的设备和系统。如果业务需求确实由Uptime Tier III规范来定义，那么其数据中心设计也应该按照Tier III设计认证。

Compass’ TrulyModular Architecture design provides for standard features such as RHI ModularPower Solutions’ Modular Power Center units, which are also built off-site,power modules that can be configured to provide a 2N power infrastructure, andN 1 mechanical systems. Other Compass architecture features include:

Compass公司真正的模块化架构设计提供诸如RHI模块电站解决方案的模块电力中心单元的标准化特点，这些设施都不是在现场搭建的，电力单元可以被配置成2N电力架构和N 1的机械制冷架构。其他Compass架构特点包括：

·         10,000 square feet of column-freeraised floor space 

         10000平方英尺的无柱高架地板空间。

·         Hardened structure (Seismic 1.5and Category 4 Hurricane Winds)

         强化结构（可以抵抗1.5级地震和4级飓风）

·         The capability to support up to20-kW racks 

         支持20KW/rack的电力和制冷容量

·         Convenient operations, stagingand storage spaces

         方便运行，分期和存储的空间（规划）

·         Uptime Tier III-certifiabledesign

         UptimeTier III认证设计

·         Uptime Tier III-certifiablefacility

         UptimeTier III建造认证

Thestandardized design of the Compass Modular Architecture provides assurance thatthe facility will be Tier III design certified. Internal auditors and externalcustomers can not only be assured of the design certification, but also havethe option to certify the facility itself. Importantly, the ability toproductize a unique modular data center solution into a repeatable andwell-defined process was a top priority. Modularizing data center componentspermits control over three primary variables:

Compass模块化架构的标准设计保障基础设施通过Tier III设计认证。内部审计和外部客户不仅保证设计认证，而且也可以选择建造认证。重要的是，将生产独特模块化数据中心解决方案的能力转化成可复用且流程定义清晰才是重中之重。模块化数据中心组件允许控制三个重要的可变因素：

·         Cost 

投资

·         Quality

质量

·         Schedule 

进度

Compass sharesthe view that these three variables are the only three points that end usersactually care about. Compass also believes that modularity:

Compass分享的观点表明这三个可变因素才是最终客户实际关心的三个要点。Compass也认为模块化：

·         Is cost effective

是投资效益

·         Is not always a prefabricatedsolution 

不都是预制解决方案

·         Increases quality  

提高质量

·         Supports continuous improvement 

支持持续改善

·         May bring jurisdictional issues 

可能带来管辖权的问题

Somejurisdictions have misconceptions about modular or containerized solutions.They envision standard ISO shipping containers, assembled on-site, as the basisof the construction process.

一些地区对模块化或集装箱化解决方案存在误解。他们把ISO船运集装箱，现场组装作为建设流程的基础。

Meeting thelocal authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) early in the project’s developmentalcycle is an effective way to establish trust and dispel misconceptions.Providing an extensive amount of specific information on the modular componentsof the proposed data centers is a good way to start.

在项目开展初期与当地主管部门会面沟通是建立信任消除误解的有效办法。提供推荐数据中心模块化组件的大量针对性信息是一个很好的启动方式。

Next Phase

下一阶段

As part of its schematic designs, Compass decided that its basic architecturalscheme would be a shell that would contain a 10,000-square-foot (ft2)column-free, raised-floor hall and all the traditional support spaces. Compassmade this decision based on the collective experience of its internal andconsultant teams, as well as market analysis.

作为方案设计的一部分，Compass公司决定其基本的架构设计应该是包换10000平方英尺无柱空间，高架地板数据中心大厅和所有传统支持空间。Compass公司根据其内部和顾问团队的集体经验，还有市场分析做出这个决定。

Compass decidedthat the systems, called Modular Power Centers (MPCs), would be packaged anddelivered as standardized systems. This work was provided by Modular PowerSolutions. The MPCs could be installed either internally or externally to thedata center’s brick-and-mortar shell structure. Crosby and the MPC executiveshave filed for patent protection of the intellectual property.

Compass公司决定将Modular PowerCenters (MPCs)系统将作为标准化的系统打包交付。这项工作将由模块化电力解决方案Modular PowerSolutions提供。MPCs可以安装再数据中心砖瓦结构壳体内部也可以安装在其外部。Crosby 和 MPC高管们已经申请了知识产权专利保护。

Compass chosenot to employ a central mechanical plant, but rather to deploy an N 1 redundantrooftop mechanical system to support the facility’s HVAC requirements. So, theschematic design established the following parameters:

Compass公司没有选择采用中心化的机械冷站，但是采用屋顶布置的N 1冗余的机械系统支持基础设施的HVAC需求。因此，方案设计确立了一下参数：

Data Hall:

数据机房

·         10,000 ft2 data hall 10000

       平方英尺

·         Column free

        无柱子空间

·         36-inch raised-floor white space,supporting up to 500 racks

       36英寸高得高架地板机房区域，支持机柜数量达500台。

·         120 watts per square foot , withthe ability to cool heterogeneous loads and accommodate racks up to 30 kW

        功率比密度120w/sf，能够使用多种负载并能适应30KW的机柜。

·         Hardened for wind and seismicconditions

        加强对风和地震条件的抵抗能力

·         N 1 rooftop mechanical units

        N 1屋顶机械单元

·         Tier III-certifiable

        Tier III认证

Support Spaces:

支持区域

·         Office area, breakroom, loadingdock, security station, engineering office, storage room, staging area, PPOPRoom, fire riser room, restroom and janitorial.

办公区、休息区、卸货区、安全站（区）、工程处、存储间、暂存区、PPOP间、消防水管竖井间、厕所和家具。

Modular Power Centers:

模块化电力中心：

·         1.2-MW Modular Power Centers,which could be either internally or externally installed at the facility.

1.2-MW模块化电力中心，可以安装再基础设施内部或者外部。

Thebasis-of-design (BOD) goals are then used for the next step in the designprocess, the creation of a single-line diagram. The development of theschematic design (SD) phase single-line diagram brings together the conceptualcomponents and requirements of the BOD (see Figure 1).

在设计流程中的下一步则是利用设计基础数据（BOD），创建单线图。方案设计（SD）制定阶段单线图将BOD概念组件和需求集成在一起（见图1）.

Figure 1.Schematic design single-line diagram

图1.方案设计单线图

The initialsingle-line is the tool that Compass used to determine the structure andcomponents required for the electrical distribution system. The MPCs must besized to be able to support the demands of the 1.2-MW data hall, the mechanicalsystems and the support spaces. The single-line diagram is also used tovalidate the Tier III redundancy and concurrent maintainability requirements.The redundancy of critical components and systems and the requirement forde-energized maintenance must be worked through at this stage of the designprocess.

初始单线图是Compass公司用于确定配电系统所需的架构和原件的工具。MPCs的规模必须能够支持1.2MW数据机房、机械系统和支持空间的需要。单线图也是用于验证Tier III冗余和在线维护需求的（工具）。关键元件和系统的冗余及断电维护（条件）需求必须在设计过程中的这个阶段完成。

The majorelectrical distribution system components were identified as:

主要配电系统组件确定如下：

·         One 2500-kilovolt-ampere (kVA)utility transformer   

1台2500KVA市电变压器。

·         One 2500-kVA/2000-kWstandby-rated generator     

1台2500KVA/2000KW备用发电机。

·         One redundant 2500-kVA/2000-kWstandby generator

1台2500KVA/2000KW冗余备用发电机。

·         One 480-volts (V), 3000-amp (A)main distribution switchboard 

1台480V3000A主配电柜。

·         Two 1200-kW high-efficiencyuninterruptible power supplies (UPS)   

2台1200KW高效UPS

·         Two 1600-A static transfer switch(STS) bypasses  

2台1600A静态旁路转换开关（STS）

·         Two 1600-A UPS outputdistribution switchboards  

2台1600A UPS输出配电柜。

·         Two 1600-A maintenance bypasses   

2台1600A维修旁路。

The Compassone-line based on the Tier III requirements provided a look at the electricalsystem’s redundancy (see Figure 2).

Compass公司基于Tier III的单线图提供了电气系统冗余的全貌（见图2）

Figure 2.Electrical system redundancy

图2 电气系统冗余

Then Compassadded two isolation or tie breakers to the main switchboard in order to meetthe Tier III concurrently maintainable requirement. These breakers wererequired to allow either side of the switchboard to be shut down and completelyde-energized for service. The tie breakers can also be used to enhance faulttolerance. If they are forced to trip before the main circuit breakers oneither side, the non-faulted side of the system can remain operational.

Compass在主配电盘上增加两个隔离开关或联络断路器以满足Tier III在线维护要求。这两个断路器的作用是在需要时可以关断或接通两侧的配电盘等（操作）。联络开关也可以提高容错（程度）。如果这些断路器（由于某种故障）在两侧任一主断路器之前跳闸，系统非故障一侧可以继续运行。

The decisionwas made to look to the local utility provider to supply an N redundant2500-kVA utility power transformer. The 2500-kVA/2000-kW standby generator in thebase system is N redundant. A second N 1 or 2N redundant generator added to thelineup meets the Tier III redundancy requirements. The second generator will beconnected to the opposite side of the switchboard lineup. Compass preferredgenerator redundancy over utility redundancy, finding generators to be morereliable than the utility, based upon its experience that blackouts tend toregional in nature (as seen with hurricane Sandy).

已决定期望当地市政设施提供N冗余度的2500KVA的市电变压器。在基本系统上，2500KVA/2000KW备用发电机也是N冗余。在系统序列中在增加到N 1或2N容易发电机就可以满足Tier III冗余需求。第二台发电机将连接到开关柜序列的对侧。Compass公司优先选择发电机冗余而没有选择市电冗余，他们发现发电机冗余比市电冗余更可靠，这基于其经验可知（市电）停电实际上往往是区域性的（例如局方桑迪）。

The remainingequipment would be installed in a Power Center module. That equipment wasidentified as:

其余设备将安装在中心单元模块之中。这些设备是：

·         Two 480-V, 3000-A maindistribution switchboards 

两台480V,3000A主配电柜

·         Two 1200-kW high-efficiency UPSunits

两台1200KW高效率UPS单元

·         Two 1600-A STS bypasses 

两台1600A STS静态旁路

·         Two 1600-A UPS outputdistribution switchboards

两台1600A UPS输出配电柜

·         Two 1600-A maintenance bypasses 

两台1600A 维修旁路

Based on theequipment defined in the single-line, Compass determined that at least two MPCswould be required.

基于单线图所定义的设备，Compass公司决定至少需要两个MPCs。

The tiebreakers provide a natural point to split the system. This split became thebasis of how the system is packaged. And the size of the modules and weight ofthe MPCs is constrained by the need to ship them over highways from theassembly facility to the job site. Typically, those shipping packages are notto exceed 50 feet by 12 feet and 100,000 pounds.

联络断路器提供了一个自然系统分界点。这种分割成为系统采用什么样打包的基础。而且模块规模的大小和MPCs重量是受到从组装厂到工作现场的高速公路运输条件的限制。通常来说，运输包装的尺寸不能超过50英寸x12英寸，重量不超过100,000英镑。

Each MPCswitchboard lineup features a 3000-A and a 1600-A UL 891-listed switchboard.Each switchboard is equipped with two 3000-A, four 400-A, and four 450-A UL489-listed circuit breakers. All circuit breakers larger than 200-A are 100%duty rated. All circuit breakers feature zone selective interlocks (ZSIs). AZSI ties the circuit breaker trip units together, allowing them to communicatein order to ensure that the circuit breaker closest to the fault trips first.Increasing the fault isolation capabilities increases the data center’s abilityto maintain operational continuity.

每个MPC开关柜序列特点是3000A和1600A UL 891-listed开关柜。每台开关柜装设两台3000A，四台400A，和四台450AUL 489-listed断路器。所有200A以上的断路器都以100%额定电流工作。所有短路器都应该具有区域选择性连锁要求（ZSIs）。ZSI将断路器的脱扣器单元联系在一起，允许他们通信以保证最靠近故障点的（断路器）脱扣器首先跳闸。提高故障隔离能力可以增加数据中心维持运行持续性能。

The mainswitchboards are configured as main-tie-main-tie-main. Each CPC has a dedicatedprogrammable logic controller (PLC). The PLCs are hot swappable, meaning thatif either processor goes down, the other processor will automatically takecontrol. The I/O rack is located in the A CPC. There is no power bussing in theI/O section. The switchgear can be manually operated if the I/O rack isde-energized for maintenance.

主配电盘配置方式为主（开关）-联络（开关）-主（开关）-联络（开关）-主（开关）。每组CPC配置一台专用的编程逻辑控制器（PLC）.PLC控制器都是热插拔的，也就是说任何一台处理器故障时，另外以台处理器会自动接入控制。I/O接口机架安装在CPC中。I/O部分没有电源总线。如果I/O机架断电维护时开关柜可以手动操作。

Modbus Protocolis provided to the Schneider Electric StruXureWare management system at the PLCgateway for each main switchboard. The main switchgear has integratedrevenue-grade power-quality metering.

在每台PLC网关上施耐德电能管理系统StruXureWare会提供Modbus协议给每台主开关柜。主开关柜已经集成了输入级电能质量测量（装置）。

Each side ofthe redundant power system features a 1.2-MW Schneider Electric APC SymmetraMegawatt UPS (see Figure 3). Each UPS has a dedicated external 1600-Acontinuous-duty-rated static bypass switch. Power to the two UPS systems isdelivered from two separate (A/B) switchboards. Each switchboard is able tosupport the entire data center. The two tie breakers operate in the normallyclosed position.

冗余系统的每一侧都有一组1.2MW施耐德电气 APC SymmetraMegawatt UPS（见图3）.每组UPS都配置专用的外置的持续定值的1600A静态旁路开关。从两套分离的（A/B路）开关柜分别送电给两组UPS系统。每组开关柜都能支持整个数据中心（用电）。两台联络断路器平时运行在合闸位置。

Figure 3. UPSefficiency

图 3 UPS效率

Figure 4.(Above) Modular Power Center – top view (patent pending)

图 4. （上）模块化电力中心-俯视图（专利申请中）

Figure 5.(Below) Modular Power Center – plan view (patent pending)

图5 （下）模块化电力中心-规划视图（专利申请中）

Power for thedata hall will be derived from two identical MPC modules, each of which isfactory-assembled prior to on-site delivery. The first layouts were completedfor the MPCs with the addition of the following components:

给数据机房（供电的）电源分别引子两个（型号）相同的MPC模块，每个模块在现场交付之前都是在工厂组装好的。完成第一期MPC布置还需另外的组件，罗列如下：

·         Four battery cabinets per sidefor 5-minutes battery backup at 1.2 MW

         每边四台电池柜支持1.2MW负荷，持续时间5min

·         Two automatic transfer switchesfor N 1 rooftop units

         两台自动转换开关（柜）支持屋顶N 1（机械）单元

·         One 208/120-V distribution panelfor local power needs

         一台208/120V配电柜满足就地电力需要

Figure 6.Modular Power Center – interior

图6  模块化电力中心-室内型

The MPCs (seeFigures 4-8) are IBC-rated R17 structures, which meet Miami-Dade County 149-mphwind-pressure loading requirements. The MPCs are constructed to provideprotection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingressof water (rain, sleet, snow), and will be undamaged by the external formationof ice on the enclosure or seismic events.

MPC（见图4-8）是符合IBC标准R17的结构，能满足迈阿密 Dade县149英里/小时风压荷载要求。MPC在构造上采取了一些因水（雨、雨夹雪、雪）进入而对（内部）设备造成损害的措施，并且也不会由于外壳上形成冰层或地震而受到损害。

Compass employs2.0-MW/2.5-MVA, 277/480-V, 3ø, four-wire generator rated at 1825 kW to providestandby power (see Figure 9 and 10).

公司采用2.0MW/2.5MVA，277/480V，三相四线发电机，以额定功率1825KW提供备用电源（见图9和图10）。

Compass determinedthat the data center infrastructure will require support from a 2.0-MW/2.5-MVAgenerator. The sequence of operation of the total system is controlledautomatically through deployment of redundant PLC control units installed ineach of the 3000-A main switchboards. Should the primary standby generator failto come online after loss of the utility source, the swing generator will pickup the critical loads of the system. Each generator will be provided with aweather-protective enclosure. All generator permits (including all operations,fuel storage, noise and air) will be obtained and maintained with theappropriate AHJ. Generators are equipped with 4,000-gallon fuel storage bellytanks for 24 hours of fuel capacity at full load.

Compass公司确定其数据中心基础设施需要2.0MW/2.5MVA发电机支持。整个系统的操作程序将通过安装在每个3000A主配电柜上的冗余PLC控制单元实现自动控制。在市电失电后，如果主备用发电机组没有按要求联网供电，在Swing发电机则承担起系统的关键负荷。每台发电机都配有防风防雨罩。所有发电机都（包括所有操作、储油、噪声和空气）将获得许可证并将通过合适得AHJ进行维护。发电机配置有4000加仑燃油储量的腹舱油箱，供满载24小时的燃油量。

Figure 7.Modular Power Center – interior

图7.模块化电力中心-室内型

     Figure 8. Modular Power Center –exterior

图8.模块化电力中心-室外型

Figure 9.Standby generator

图9.备用发电机组

The output ofeach UPS module is a 1600-A distribution board equipped with a maintenancebypass. A solenoid key release unit (SKRU) is provided to ensure that the UPShas transferred to bypass before the MBP breaker can be engaged to the outputswitchboard. This will always be a closed transition transfer so that criticalload power will never be lost.

每台UPS模组输出柜是一台1600A配电柜，并配有维护旁路。提供电磁钥匙释放单元SKRU以确保在MBP断路器接通输出配电柜之前UPS切换到旁路（运行）。这将始终是一个闭环的切换过程以确保关键负荷不会失电。

Critical powerto the IT load will be provided by eight 300-kVA PDUs installed in analternating A/B arrangement in the data hall to provide 208/120-V power toeither overhead busway or remote power panels. Each PDU has a 300-kVA K-13rated transformer and six 225-A breakers. Additionally, each PDU has sixintegrated revenue-grade power-monitoring meters.

给IT负荷通电的关键电源将由8台300KVA交替布置在数据机房内的A/B路PDU提供208/120V的电源给架空母线或RPP列头柜。每台PDU配有额定容量300KVA且 K=13的变压器，六台225A断路器。另外，每台PDU也配有六组集成的输入级电力监控仪表。

Compassdetermined that the mechanical requirements for each data hall can be supportedby four 120-ton rooftop units (RTUs). The four RTUs provide N 1 systemredundancy. Power for each RTU will be available from either the A or B Systemthrough dedicated automatic transfer switches (see Figure 11). The unitsfeature integrated controls allowing for efficient airside economization acrossall units. A proprietary rapid-restart feature ensures full air movement within30 seconds after restoration of power. The system controls deliver uniformunder-floor pressures.

Compass公司确定每个数据机房的机械需求是能支持四组120冷吨的屋顶（制冷）单元（RTUs）。这四组RTUs提供N 1系统冗余度。给每组RTU供电利用专用的自动切换开关可从A或B系统取电（见图11）。这些装置都配有集成控制器能在所有单元间实现时效的空气侧节能。专用快速启动装置能保证在电源恢复后30秒之内满气流运行。系统控制可通过地板下均匀的静压。

Figure 10.Generator exterior

图10.室外发电机组

Thissingle-line diagram (see Figure 12) represents the next step in theconstruction document’s development process: the design development (DD)-phasedocuments. The updated single-line features significant developments in thedesign process. The new features are:

如图12所示的单线图带表下在项目建设文档的开发流程中的下一步：初步设计文档。在设计规程中更新单线图将有重大进展。这些新的特征由：

The division ofthe electrical distribution system into two completely separate MPCs

电力配电系统将分成两个完全分离的MPCs.

·         The second generator was added toprovide N 1 redundancy

 增加第二台发电机以提供N 1冗余

·         Provisions for ‘A side’ and ‘Bside’ mechanical feeders

为A侧和B侧机械设备提供馈电

·         The integration of the main andoutput switchboards

主配电柜和输出配电柜集成

·         The integration of the maintenancebypass (MBP) breaker into the new contiguous switchboard lineup

集成维护旁路断路器到新的连续的开关柜队列中。

·         The introduction ofdual-programmable logic controllers (PLCs)

引入双可编程逻辑控制器。

·         The introduction of a remote mainutility circuit breaker

引入远端主市电断路器。

The newsingle-line diagram now reflects the separate MPCs. The MPCs in thisarrangement actually complement each other, providing 2N redundancy to the datahall.

新的单线图现在反映的是分离的MPCs。这样布置的MPCs相互冗余备份，给数据机房提供2N冗余（的支持系统）。

A secondgenerator was added to provide 2N generator redundancy. In the future, thissecond generator could be shared with additional data halls on the same campus.The redundancy of the generators would then be N 1.

另外增加一台发电机组提供2N发电机组的冗余。将来，这台发电机机组可以给同一园区内另外的数据机房共用。那么发电机组的冗余是N 1.

Each MPC wasoutfitted with provisions to provide power for the entire mechanical system.Normally, power for one-half of the mechanical equipment is supplied by eachMPC. Dedicated ATSs will automatically roll power to any active MPC if powerwere lost.

每个MPC都为整个机械系统提供能源的电力。通常，每组MPC为机械设备提供一半的电力。如果失电，专用ATSs会自动切换到任一可用的（在运行的）MPC上。

Figure 11.Power for each RTU is available from dedicated automatic transfer switches.

图11.为每一RTU供电电源可通过自动切换开关获得

The newsingle-line shows how both the input and output switchboards have beenintegrated into a single switchgear lineup. The new lineup provided for asimplified interconnection scheme when it was installed in the MPC.

新单线图表明输入和输出开关柜是如何集成在单列开关柜中。当新的开关柜列安装在MPC中时，新的柜列会提供简化的连接方案。

The use of dualMPC facilitates the use of dual PLCs. The ability of the PLCs to stay insynchronous operation allows for a seamless transfer of control between eitherunit.

使用双MPC便于双PLCs的使用。PLCs能保持同步操作，允许在两个控制单元间无缝切换控制。

High levels ofarc-flash energy in the main switchboards became a concern when the decisionwas made to have the utility provide the main 2500-kVA transformer and thetransformer’s primary-side protection. Most utilities design their protectionschemes to protect the utility’s own equipment. This typically doesn’ttranslate into limiting the arc-flash energy levels on the secondary side ofthese large transformers. Remoting the main utility breaker outside the MPCallows the arc-flash energy to be contained outside the remote switchboard. Thearc-flash energy inside the MPC is now be significantly reduced.

当决定市电提供主变压器2500KVA和 变压器一次侧保护时，在主开关柜中高等级的电弧能量将成为该关心的问题。大多数电力公司设计的保护方案仅保护电力公司自己的设备。这通常不会转移成这些大型变压器二次侧的电弧能量水平的限制。MPC外的远端主市电电源断路器允许电弧能量限制在远端配电柜外。这时MPC内部的弧光能量将大大减小。

Figure 12.Design-Development (DD) single-line diagram (patent pending)

图12.初步设计单线图（专利申请中）

The deploymentof the MPCs is just part of the modular concept that was developed for CompassData Centers. Compass has done further development of the concept. This workand Tier III compliance with the Uptime Institute are important elements of itsbusiness plan to control costs and provide alignment of data center facilitieswith customers’ business requirements.

部署MPCs仅是为Compass公司数据中心开发模块化概念的一部分。Compass公司已经进一步完成了模块化概念设计的开发。这项工作和符合UptimeInstitute Tier III（认证）是公司业务重要组成部分，这项业务计划控制成本并使数据中心基础设施与客户业务需求一致。

Steve Emert earned aBSEE Degree in Electrical Engineering from San Jose State University. He iscurrently a Registered Professional Engineer in more than 15 states, and isdirector of Mission-Critical Engineering at Rosendin Electric, the largestprivately owned electrical contractor in the U.S. Mr. Emert began his careerperforming design and analysis of industrial, commercial and utility powersystems, cogeneration plant design and coordination studies. In the mid-1990s,he worked at the Ames Research Center located at Moffett Field, CA, where hebegan a mission-critical-focused career working on the NAS supercomputer andmany of the technically advanced NASA facilities.

Steve Emert在圣何塞州立大学获得电气工程学士学位。 他目前是超过15个州的注册专业工程师，并且是RosendinElectric的任务关键工程总监，Rosendin Electric是美国最大的私营电气承包商.Emert先生的职业生涯开始于工业，商业和公用事业的设计和分析。 电力系统，热电联产设计和协调研究。 在20世纪90年代中期，他在位于加利福尼亚州Moffett Field的Ames研究中心工作，在那里他开始了一项关键任务的职业生涯，致力于NAS超级计算机和许多技术先进的NASA设施。

Since joiningRosendin Electric, Mr. Emert has provided the engineering foundation for thecompany’s design-build mission-critical construction business. Today RosendinElectric is the largest design-build electrical contractor for mission-criticalfacilities in the U.S. Mr. Emert is an active member of the IEEE P1584 IEEEGuidelines for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations Working Group. He is amember of the IEEE P1584 Configuration Task Group, currently engaged in theprocess of defining a new set of standards for the next issue of the P1584Guideline publication. Mr. Emert has coauthored IEEE EMC Society presentationsand written articles on electrical power systems for Electrical ContractorMagazine.

自加入RosendinElectric以来，Emert先生为该公司的设计 - 建造任务关键型建筑业务提供了工程基础。 今天，RosendinElectric是美国关键任务设施中最大的设计建造电气承包商.Emert先生是IEEE P1584 IEEE执行弧闪危害计算工作组指南的积极成员。 他是IEEE P1584配置任务组的成员，目前正在为下一期P1584指南出版物定义一套新标准。 Emert先生与电气承包商杂志合着了IEEE EMCSociety的演讲和关于电力系统的文章。

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