长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。如果考生面对这些长难句，在短时间内能对它们进行结构解析，确切地理解它们的汉语意思，考生在阅读过程中的问题就会迎刃而解。以下是小编在高考英语阅读理解中的整理的一些有代表性的长难句的解析。
一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然，易于理解。
1. One tiny 9 inch-plant bought for $ 1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door.
解析：句子主干部分为one tiny 9-inch plant has already taken over much of my rose bed and…。bought短语、covering短语分别作定语和状语。
句意：一个在春天时花$1．25买的九英寸植物已经接管了我的玫瑰苗圃，覆盖了我的其他植物，正在向前门发展。
2. Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention.
解析：句子主干部分为Lewis found that…，在that引导的宾语从句中，含有两个who引导的定语从句。修饰 the oldest child和the youngest。
句意：莱温斯发现在有三、四个孩子的家庭里，晚餐的谈话焦点往往是年龄最大和最小的孩子。最大的总是有许多的东西要说，而最小的则需要最多的关照。
3. Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
解析：第一个that引出宾语从句，第二个that引出定语从句。第三个that引出同位语从句。
句意：Pasteur发现 (宾语从句) 在酒发酵之后，再加温几分钟，能杀死残留在酒中的酵母(定语从句)，其结果能使酒的保鲜时间更长(同位语从句)。
4. What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation．
解析：在这个句子中，what引出主语从句。who引出定语从句，is后用that引出两个并列表语从句。
句意：关于那个救了他的命的19岁的人 (定语从句) Winter知道的仅仅是，(主语从句) 他死于一场车祸(表语从句1)，他的家人尊重他的意愿把他的器官捐献出来，用于移植(表语从句2)。
5. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem (原理) had baffled (难住) and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique (伊科尔理工学院).
解析：句子主干部分为the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，过去分词短语put forward by…作状语，现在分词短语including…作定语，短语中含有两个由who引导的定语从句。
句意：这个定理先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习曾女扮男装。
6. Their study found that theobromine (可可碱), found in cocoa (可可粉), was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine (可待因(采自鸦片的镇痛止咳剂)),which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment; “while coughing is not necessarily harmful, it can have a major effect on the quality of life and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.
简析：第一个句子中有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中有一过去分词短语found in cocoa作定语，还有一个非限制性定语从句；第二个句子中有一个who引导的定语从句和while引导的让步状语从句。
句意：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。
在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。
实例：53. According to Professor Barnes, theobromine ______.
A. cannot be as effective as codeine
B. can be harmful to people's health
C. cannot be separated from chocolate
D. can be a more effective cure for coughs
【答案】D。
【高考考点】推理判断题。
【试题解析】从第一句的Their study found that the obromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present. 可看出the obromine比codeine更有效，判断A项错误。既然它用来止咳，改善人们的生活质量，所以B项错误。在第一段提到了theobromine是从chocolate里提炼出来的，所以C项错误。故正确答案是D项。
7. Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth's surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere, 30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth's surface. The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.
简析：句子中含有两个定语从句，这是解题的关键。 either . . . or连结的是并列结构。
句意：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。
60. Only a small part of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's surface because most of it is______.
A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere
B. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere
C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphere
D. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes
答案：C。细节理解题。据 “Much of the energy…is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere, 30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface.”可以得出答案。
8. The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F. A. C. E.) in 1989. There are now 300,000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world's largest youth environmental organization.
简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。
句意：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。
实例：72. Kids F. A. C. E is______.
A. a program to help students with writing
B. a project of litter recycling
C. a campaign launched by President Bush
D. a club of environmental protection
73. What can we learn about Poe?
A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.
B. She donated billboard across the country.
C. She got positive responses for her efforts
D. She joined the National Park Service.
答案为D。细节理解题。选项A、B、C均属于内容错误。
答案为C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段The response to her request for help was so huge that…一句可知。
9. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer (同龄人) group .
简析：夹杂定语从句和形式宾语结构。
句意：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。
实例：64. Why did Tom give up studying?
A. He disliked his teachers.
B. His parents no longer supported him.
C. It's cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.
D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.
答案为C。
10. The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people's lives. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away, or just buying an unsuitable item (商品) that is not really wanted.
简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。
译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花瞭乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。
64. Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?
A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.
B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.
C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.
D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice
答案：C。
解析：文中提到endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people's lives；具体来讲：一个是easy access to a wide range of everyday goods表示目前选择范围之广、之易，二是ending in the shopper giving up and walking away, or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted表示人们因为太多的选择反而不知道应该买什么或者最终买了一些其实不需要的东西。
11. As the only girl in a family of seven children, she often felt like she had “seven fathers,” because her six brothers, as well as her father, tried to control her. Feeling shy and unimportant, she retreated (躲避) into books. Despite her love of reading, she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.
简析：第一句主干结构为she felt like . . . because . . . ，句首内容为状语，because从句中有一个插入成份。第二句中v-ing作状语表原因。第三句主干结构为：she didn't… because…。
句意：作为家庭七个孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一种感觉，就是她拥有'七个父亲'，原因是她的六个兄弟和她的父亲都想控制她。由于羞怯和觉得无地位的缘故，她总是埋头苦读。尽管她酷爱读书，可是在小学她的成绩不佳，因为她太害羞而不能积极地参与。
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