中国古建筑之宗教建筑（佛教篇）——石窟寺

Religious Architecture of Ancient Chinese Architecture (Buddhism)--the Grotto Temple

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石窟寺是古代人民进行宗教礼仪活动的场所，其中以佛教为主流。流传至今最出名的是四大石窟，它们是以中国佛教文化为特色的巨型石窟艺术景观，按照石窟建造年代依次为甘肃敦煌莫高窟、甘肃天水麦积山石窟、山西大同云冈石窟、河南洛阳龙门石窟。

The Grotto Temple is the place where ancient people conducted religious ceremonies, especially for Buddhism. According to the building time, the most famous Grotto Temples handed down today are Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang of Gansu Province, Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui of Gansu Province, Yungang Grottoes in Datong of Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang of Henan Province, which are the giant grotto art landscapes characterized by Chinese Buddhism Culture.

1、莫高窟

Mogao Grottoes

莫高窟，俗称千佛洞，位于河西走廊西端的敦煌。具有极高的艺术价值和宗教研究价值。洞窟内的彩塑艺术与壁画艺术丰富多彩，是由多个朝代历经百年时间打造，极大程度上反映了中国封建社会的政治、经济和文化状况，是中国古代美术史的光辉篇章，为中国古代史研究提供珍贵的形象史料。

Mogao Grottoes, also called Qianfo Cave, situates in Dunhuang, the western part of Hexi Corridor. It has fabulous art values and religious study values. The colorful painted sculpture art and wall painting art were made by many dynasties spanning hundreds of years, largely reflecting political, economic and cultural conditions of China’s feudal society. They are the splendid passage in Chinese ancient art history, providing valuable image historic matters for Chinese ancient history’s study.

图片来源：搜狗百科

图片来源：搜狗百科

2、麦积山石窟 

Maijishan Grottoes

麦积山石窟，位于甘肃省天水市麦积区，被誉为“东方雕塑馆”，它以精美的泥塑艺术闻名中外，体现了千余年来各个时代塑像的特点，系统地反映了中国泥塑艺术发展和演变过程。

Located in Maiji District of Tianshi, Gansu Province, Maijishan Grottoes is called “Eastern Sculpture Galley”. It becomes famous for its delicate clay figurines, reflecting characters of different dynasties’ sculptures from thousands of years and systematically demonstrating the development and evolution process of Chinese clay art.

图片来源：公众号@方待夜半听君语

图片来源：搜狗百科

3、云冈石窟 

Yungang Grottoes

云冈石窟形象地记录了印度及中亚佛教艺术向中国佛教艺术发展的历史轨迹，反映出佛教造像在中国逐渐世俗化、民族化的过程。多种佛教艺术造像风格在云冈石窟实现了前所未有的融会贯通。

The Yungang Grottoes graphically records the historical trajectory of the development of Buddhist art from India and Central Asia to China, reflecting the gradual secularization and nationalization of Buddhist statuary in China. A variety of Buddhist art styles have achieved an unprecedented convergence in the Yungang Grottoes.

图片来源：微博@吕吾

4、龙门石窟

Longmen Grottoes

龙门石窟位于河南省洛阳市洛龙区伊河两岸的龙门山与香山上，是世界上造像最多、规模最大的石刻艺术宝库。它内有多个碑刻，是书法艺术史中的典藏。这些碑刻不仅记录了发愿人造像的动机、目的，还为石窟考古分期断代提供了依据。

The Longmen Grottoes, located on Longmen Mountain and Xiang Mountain on both banks of the Yi River in the Luolong District of Luoyang City, Henan Province, is a treasure trove of stone art with the largest number of statues and the largest scale in the world. It contains several inscriptions that are canonical collections in the history of calligraphy art. These inscriptions not only record the motives and purposes of the Fate men's statue-making, but also provide the basis for the archaeological staging of the caves to determine the generations.

图片来源：搜狗百科

图片来源：搜狗百科

5、总结 

Summary

佛教宣扬转世轮回的善恶因果之说，希望通过人们的修行打造人们和谐相处、社会公平正义的良好氛围。四大石窟是佛教文化的传世之作，在宗教研究史与文化发展史上享有崇高的地位。现世通过研究它们找寻蕴藏在其中的中国传统文化，并致力于将其发扬光大！

Buddhism preaches reincarnation, good and bad karma, and hopes to create a good atmosphere of harmony and social justice through the practice of people. The Four Grottoes are heirlooms of Buddhist culture and enjoy a high status in the history of religious studies and cultural development. Now we study them to find the traditional Chinese culture embedded in them and devote ourselves to carrying them forward!