【每日哲学辞典】道德感

道德感：类似于美感，道德感被认为是直觉性的、无利害关系的官能，它使我们能够从我们所感觉到的东西认识到诸如好（善）与坏、德性与恶的道德性质。假如对一个行为的观察是痛苦的和令人不安的，这种行为必定是坏的或恶的。如果对一种行为的观察导致一种愉快的感觉，这种行为必定是善的和有道德的。在这样一种基础上，道德感进一步推动我们迈向道德上正当的和有德性的行为。它是与把上帝的意志当做道德基础的神学观对立的，也是与理性主义相对的，因为它坚持认为，理性不能说明我们的动机，道德是感觉到的而不是推理得到的。主张道德感存在的这种理论被称为“道德感理论”，它尤其相联于18世纪的英国哲学家沙夫茨伯利、F.哈奇森和D.休谟。道德感理论力图把它自己建立在洛克的认识论上，是道德直觉主义的一种形式，也称为情感主义。其主要贡献在于强调道德中的情感作用。对这个理论的批评一般间接提到这个事实：提出道德感这样一种额外的官能，不可能有任何证明，以及这样一种理论不能避免道德相对主义。

“有人（沙夫茨伯利伯爵、哈奇森、休谟等）说，他有一种东西有意要告诉他什么是对的、什么是错的，它叫做‘道德感’“。

——边沁：《道德与立法原则导论》，第三章，1970，第26页。

Moral sense

Ethics Analogous to thesense of beauty, moral sense is supposed to be an intuitive, disinterested faculty which enables us to recognize moral qualities, such as being good and bad, virtuous and vicious, from what we feel. If the observation of an action is painful and disquieting, the action must be bad or evil. If the observation of an action results in a pleasant feeling, the action is good and virtuous. On such a basis, moral sense further motivates us toward morally right and virtuous behavior. Moral sense conflicts with the theological position that God’s will is the basis of morality and is also opposed to rationalism, since it insists that reason cannot account for our motivation and claims that morality is felt rather than reasoned. The theory that argues for the existence of moral sense is called moral sense theory, and is particularly associated with theeighteenth-century British philosophers Shaftesbury, Francis Hutcheson, and David Hume. Moral sense theory tries to base itself on Locke’s theory of knowledge, and it is a version of moral intuitionism. It is also called sentimentalism. Its major contribution is to emphasize the role of feeling in morality. Criticism of this theory generally alludes to the fact that there is no justification for positing an extra faculty of moral sense and that such atheory cannot avoid moral relativism.

”One man (Lord Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, etc) says, he has a thing made on purpose to tell him what is right and what is wrong; and that it is called ‘moral sense’.”

Bentham, An Introduction tothe Principles of Morals and Legislation

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