神学：[源自希腊语theos（神）和logos（理论、研究）]在亚里士多德那里，它是沉思第一本原或终极实体的第一哲学。在一般意义上，神学指一门学科，即设计对构建一个宗教的那些教义、学说和实践活动的解释和辩护。每个宗教都有自己的神学，但在欧洲思想中，作为对基督教信仰作出理性说明的基督教神学具有重要的历史地位，虽然犹太教和伊斯兰教的神学著作也有很大影响，基督教神学进一步分成多个二级学科，譬如：企图提供包含在不同的圣经文献中的恰当观念“圣经神学”；追溯基督教及基督教教会历史发展的“历史神学”；以把内容广泛的一系列基本的宗教信条整合成连贯整体为目标的“系统神学”；涉及信条与行止相互作用的“实践神学”。如果说宗教哲学的存在是批评这些学说，并评估它们的哲学意蕴，那么，神学则是从内部评判宗教，但扮演的角色与其说是评判者，不如说是发言人。然而，在如何解释某种宗教成分的问题上，神学家们存在着各种争论。神学以信仰为前提，并力图通过运用学究方法，获得对上帝的认识。它是寻求理解自身的信仰。在基督教中，它的目标是服务于拯救。
“神学是‘神的科学’。”
——麦克斐尔逊：《宗教哲学》，1965年，第142页。
theology
[from Greektheos, god + logos, theory, study] For Aristotle, first philosophy as thecontemplation of the fundamental principle or ultimate substance. In general,theology is a discipline that deals with the explanation and justification ofthe teachings, doctrines, and practices that constitute a religion. Eachreligion has its own theology, but in European thought, Christian theology hasthe greatest historical prominence as the rational account of Christian faith,although Jewish and Islamic theological writings have also had great influence.Christian theology is divided into many sub-disciplines, such as biblicaltheology, which tries to provide the precise ideas contained in the various biblicaldocuments; historical theology, which traces the historical development ofChristianity and the Christian Church; systematic theology, which aims atintegrating into a coherent whole a wide array of fundamental religiousbeliefs; practical theology, which deals with the interaction of belief and behavior;and philosophical theology, which applies philosophical methods in order toclarify religious concepts and presuppositions. While the philosophy ofreligion exists to criticize these doctrines and to assess their philosophicalimplications, theology assesses a religion from within and acts as a spokesmanrather than as a critic. There are nevertheless various debates amongtheologians about how to explain certain religious elements. Theology presupposesfaith and tries to acquire knowledge of God by employing scholarly methods. Itis faith seeking to understand itself. In Christianity, its goal is to servesalvation.
“Theology is‘the science of God’.”
McPherson, The Philosophy of Religion
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