动词形;
名词数;
注意形和副;
非谓动词细辨别;
习惯用法要记住;
句子成分多分析;
逻辑错误须关注。
口诀解析
一. 动词形
主要包括两类错误:动词的时态和语态错误,以及主、谓不一致的错误。例如:
My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team. (am)
Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. (are)
上述两例分别属于时态错误和主、谓不一致错误。找出此类错误的关键是树立牢固的时态概念,注意短文内容发生或存在的时间,保持时间概念的一致性。
二. 名词数
指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。例如:
…so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subjects)
三. 区分形和副
区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。这也是高考短文改错的常考点。例如:
I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderful)
Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. (Unfortunately)
需要注意的是,形容词多用来做定、表、补语等,而副词只能在句子中作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的wonderful作定语修饰time,第二句的Unfortunately作状语修饰整个句子。
四. 非谓动词细辨别
这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分词和动名词类错误,也包括不定式类错误。例如:
…in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football. (interested)
Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also … (playing)
My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure… (to)
上述二、三例分别是动名词作主语,和不定式作目的状语。一般的,现在分词有主动和进行的含义,而过去分词具有被动态和完成时的含义,不定式有将来的含义。
五. 习惯用法要记住
主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点,其错误表现形式主要有三种:多词、少词和搭配错误。例如:
It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and… (of)
We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves. (of)
六. 句子成分多分析
不同的句子成分要用不同的词类;不同的语景要选择不同的词语。这些都有待我们对句子结构和句子成分作细致的分析,才能找出用词不当的错误。例如:
They ∧ eager to know everything about China and…(were)
I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (which)
第一例漏掉了谓语动词were,这是受汉语习惯的影响而导致的错误;第二例则是词类与它在句子中的成分不相符,where是副词,不能作主语。
七. 逻辑错误须关注
与句子的上、下文不一致,甚至相矛盾,属于逻辑性错误。如称谓上的张冠李戴,人名、地名、时间、方位等方面的错误,常是这类错误的考查对象。例如:
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (their)
First, let me tell you something more about myself. (去掉more)
… no way of setting the matter except by selling the set. Now someone at home reads instead. (everyone)
上述第一例中的主语是Smiths(史密斯夫妇俩),因此后面的his不合逻辑。第二例中的more在这儿表“再”的意思,才开始告诉别人,怎么能说“再告诉你一些事”?第三例讲的是为了解决看电视时的争端,“我们”把电视机卖了;晚上没电视看了,所以与从前一样,大家又都读书了,所以该用 everyone。
除了上述错误类型外,常考的错误形式还有:连词but, and, or和so的用法错误(可以归类为逻辑错误),以及冠词的用法错误等。例如:
She was smiling but nodding at me. (and)
It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. (or)
We may be one family and live under a same roof.(the)
下面是全国高考英语真题中的短文改错题。这道题较全面地反映了本文的口诀。现在试着做一做,然后参阅题后的答案与解析。
Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei
Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows,it’s famous
76. _____
Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather
77. _____
Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of
78. _____
the mountain,the three of them were very excited. As we
79. _____
climbed the mountain,we saw monkeys,visiting temples
80. _____
and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture
81._____
since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.
82. _____
Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top
83. _____
of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was
84. _____
good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my
85. _____
head touched the pillow.
【答案与解析】
76. famous前加上a.(名词数)
77. 正确
78. we前面加when,引导一个时间状语从句。(句子成分多分析)
79. them→us (逻辑错误须关注)
80. visiting→visited(非谓动词细辨别)
81. picture→pictures(名词数)
82. passes→passed(动词形)
83. 去掉down(习惯用法要记住)
84. and→but(逻辑错误须关注)
85. 去掉at(句子成分多分析 / 习惯用法要记住)
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