Electronics inconstruction equipment are rapidly becoming
commonplace as tougher and moresophisticated systems are
developed. The various uses to which they canbe put to work are also growing.
This year's Bauma fair presented a wide number of electronic systems displayeda wide number of electronic systems displayed by a number
of companies. Systems which will undoubtedly play a major part in the development of the constructionequipment of the future.
There are several divisions into which one can place electronics in
construction equipment. Engine management, pumps and hydraulics
management, service monitoring and others, some of which are already familiarto users in the UK.
One of several companies showing advanced systems in a working
mode at Baumawas Orenstein and Koppel, the German construction
equipment manufacturer.
Readers may recall the Futura hydraulic excavator thatwas developed by the company some three to four years ago, which had ratherunusual controls and electronics. The three systems shown working atBauma
are developments from that basic system and are a part of the
company'sfuture planning into electronic systems in construction
equipment.
The first of the three was a computer-aided loading system or CAL.
Although the idea is not new (John Deere was working on a similar idea as longas five years ago)it is the first time that a company has actually shown aworking system and made it actually shown a working system
and made itavailable to the buying public.
CAL has been designed to optimise the use of hydraulic equipment
by making sureis kept to its most efficient and economic.
It works as follows. Having obtained abucketful, whether in backhoe or face shovel mode, the operator of the machinepresses a 'teach in'
button on one of the control levers. The computernow remembers or
records every part of the working cycle that follows throughsensors. In short, they record the bucket movement through its arc fromdigging
point to discharge point, the position of the truck and the rear end ofits body, and the slewing arc back to the digging point. The operatorthen presses the stop button and the computer memorises the information.
The operator then fills the bucket in the conventional manner, but
now pressesan 'auto' button. The computer takes over, slews the
machine, dumps theload and returns the bucket to the digging
position. And while it isdoing this, it also computes the best speed and shortest distance to optimisethe work cycles.
For complete safety the controls of the machine to which CAL is
fitted have anoverride priority, enabling the operator to regain control of the machineinstantly. But should the position of the dump truck,
excavator or workposition change, the computer has to be
re-programmed for the next loadingcycle, a simple task of pressing the 'teach in' button again and carrying outone full work cycle.
Another new system from O & K is PMS, or PumpManagement
System. Sensors, governed by a computer, collect operatingdata from
the power unit and the hydraulic system and make sure that all are
'harmonising' in perfect accord to offer the best possible fuel
consumption,reduced oil temperatures and so a longer service life for
both engine andpumps. A fault finding diagnostic system is also
included in thespecification of PMS.
The same company has also introduced what is known as Bord
control, amonitoring system not dissimilar to that used by both
Caterpillar and Komatsu,but somewhat more sophisticated in that it
'tells' the operator, via a visualdisplay unit, what part to check in the
event of a malfunction. And inaddition, if the operator presses a 'help' button, the computer will offer helpfulhints and tips!
The control is able to store up to 150 limit values amachine and can be connected to a portable printer to allow written records tobe kept,
particularly useful if it is a large mining machine with severaloperators on shift work.
An electronic fuel consumption monitoring device to assist in
reducing runningcosts was also introduced. It quite simply tells the
operator whether hismachine is working economically or not. The data is constantly beingprocessed and can be called up when needed.
Some of the facilities available include actual consumption, with an
up-dateevery five seconds, overall average fuel consumed, total
number of hours workedwith sub categories of working time idling and working time under load.
（原载《ConstructionPlant & Equipment》 June 1986）
【有关有疑问的词，略为解释如下：Bauma系在德国定期召开的建筑机械博览会的名称。
Orenstein and Koppel系德国一家著名的建筑机械厂商O & K的全名。 Futura系厂商给自己生产的液压挖掘机取的名称。 optimise含有有效而经济的意思。 'harmonising' 协调的意思。
Bord控制系统的名称。Komatsu小松。】
我的译文
电子控制系统的运用
由于工程机械的发展，电子控制系统在装备中应用越来越普遍，而控制系统本身的适用范围也在扩大。
今年的宝马工程机械博览会能由一些公司展出不少电子控制系统，因而未来工程机械的设计开发，电子控制系统无疑将扮演重要角色。
工程机械中的发动机控制、油泵和液压系统控制运行监控和其它一些环节皆能使用电子控制系统，其中一些已为英国的用户所熟悉。
德国工程机械制造商奥伦斯坦和科波尔公司在宝马工程机械博览会上也将展出先进的系统。
读者也许会回想起三、四年前该公司推出的伏突拉液压挖掘机。该机具有很独特的操作系统和电子控制系统。这次将在展览会上展出的三个系统是在伏突拉液压挖掘机的基础上研制的，并且是该公司未来将电子控制系统运用在工程机械上的部分产品。
首先是计算机辅助负载系统或称CAL。虽然这已不是新概念（约翰·迪尔公司在五年前已做了相似的工作），但这次是由公司首次实际展出的工作系统，并且能向广大客户供货。
按照液压系统工作循环能保持在最有效和经济状况下设计的CAL，能够确保液压系统处于最佳工作状态。
其工作原理如下：无论正铲或反铲满斗情况下，操作人员按动操纵杆之一上的“传授键”，计算机将通过传感元件使工作循环的每一部分自动记录下来。简单地说，传感元件通过挖掘机工作装置从挖掘位置至卸土位置、或者装载卡车位置及其尾部位置，以及重新回到挖掘位置这一循环中记录整个工作装置的运动轨迹。操作者此时按动停止键，计算机就自动将信息记录下来。
然后操作人员按动“自动”键，按约定的方式进行整个挖装作业。与此同时，计算机选择了适当的工作装置运行速度和路线，从而获得最好的工作循环。
为了确保安全，装有CAL系统的机子，各操纵杆都能在必要时操作者可以立即重新操作机子。不过，如果是装车作业或者机子移动位置后，计算机需要重新编程，操作者则应再次按动“传授键”，教会机子进行新的工作循环。
O & K公司另外一个新系统是PMS，即油泵控制系统。计算机的传感元件将自动收集发动机和液压系统的工作数据，从中获得最省的油耗、油温最低以及能延长发动机和油泵的寿命。
PMS系统还包括故障探测诊断系统。
该公司还推出了保特控制系统，这与卡特彼勒和小松公司的检测系统相仿，但其先进之点在于机子某部发生故障时，可通过监视显示器“指示”操作者应检修的部件，而且在按动“辅助”键时，还能给出有用的信息。
机子操纵系统可贮存150个极限值，还可与手提式打印机相连，保存文字记录。如果是由几个操作者共同操作的大型矿山用的挖掘机，其效用更为明显。
此外，还推出了一种有助于降低油耗的电子监测装置，借助该装置操作者可得知机子是否在经济地运转。所测的数据能不断进行处理，需要时可以提取这些数据进行分析研究。
可测得的数据如下：实际油耗；每隔五秒钟的修正值；平均燃油超耗值；无载工作时间和有载工作时间。
（原载《建筑工程与装备》1986年6月）
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