因内容过多（2.3万字左右），故此次发出第1部分，分三次发出。
因本人功力问题，其中的属类并非100%严谨，但划入连接词语处，便于参考。
除未标注出处外，词条所有文字均来自《朗文当代高级英语辞典》第五版。
《英语语法大全》（伦道夫·夸克等著）第1375页
简单从属连词有：
after, although, as, because, before, directly（非正式用法，尤其英国英语）, if, immediately（非正式用法，尤其英国英语）, lest（尤其美国英语）, like（非正式用法，尤其美国英语）, once, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when(ever), where(ver), whereas, whereupon, while, whilst（少数人用来代替while，尤其英国英语）
复合从属连词有：
以that结尾的：
but that, in that, in order that, insofar that（正式用法；罕见）, in the event that, save that（文学体）, such that
以随意性that结尾的：
分词形式：assuming (that), considering(that), excepting(that), given (that), granted (that), granting (that), provided (that), providing (that), seeing (that), supposing (that)
其他：except (that), for all (that), now (that), so (that)
以as结尾的：
according as,as far as, as long as, as soon as, forasmuch as（正式用法）, inasmuch as（正式用法）, insofar as, insomuch as（正式用法）
其他：
as if, as though, in case
关联从属连词
as…so, as…as, so…as, such…as, so…(that), such…(that), less…than, more(/-er) …than, no sooner…than, when（非正式用法）, barely/hardly/scarcely…when, than（非正式用法）
the…the, whether/if…or
although/even if/ (even) though/while…yet/nevertheless，等
if/once/since (reason)/unless…then/in that case
because/seeing (that)…therefore
等等。
这里并没有完全按照以上的体例，而是本人经验的罗列。
其中必有不足之处，望指出、批评，欢迎补充实例。
1.according as
according as复合连词，（英，正式）按照，根据
●according as根据…（决定是这样还是那样），要看…（来决定）
You may go or stay, according as you decided.
You may take an oral or written exam according as you prefer.
You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad.
According as you behave yourself you will be well treated.
They move into the next class, according as they pass or fail the examination.
以上例句见《现代英语用法词典》（修订版 张道真主编）
●according to跟…所示，按…所说
According to the police, his attackers beat him with a blunt instrument.
按照警方的说法，袭击者用钝器击打他。
There is now widespread support for these proposals, according to a recent public opinion poll.
根据最近的民意调查，目前人们普遍支持这些提议。
不要说according to me或according to my opinion，而要说in my opinion:
In my opinion his first book is much better. 依我看，他的第一本书好多了。
●according to取决于，依据
You will be paid according to the amount of work you do.
你将依据工作量来获得报酬。
●according to按照，根据
The game will be played according to rules laid down for the 1992 Cup.
比赛将按照1992年杯赛所制定的规则进行。
Everything went according to plan, and we arrived on time.
一切按计划进行，我们准时到达。
2.after
●after在…之后
After you’d called the police, what did you do? 报警之后，你做了些什么？
Zimmerman changed his name after he left Germany. 齐默尔曼离开德国后改了名字。
●after doing sth
After leaving school, Mackay worked in a restaurant for a year.
中学毕业后，麦凯在一家餐厅工作了一年。
Ten years after he bought the painting, Carswell discovered that it was a fake.
卡斯韦尔买下那幅画的十年后发现它是赝品。
She retired from politics the year after she received the Nobel Prize.
她在获得诺贝尔奖的第二年退出了政坛。
●after由于，既然
I’m not surprised he walked out, after the way she treated him.
她那样对待他，所以他离开我并不感到吃惊。
After your letter, I didn’t think I’d ever see you again.
由于你的这封信，我想我再也不会见你了。
●after尽管，虽然
How can you treat me like this after all I’ve done for you?
我为你做了那么多，年怎么能这样对我？
3.albeit
●albeit（正式）虽然，尽管
He accepted the job, albeit with some hesitation.
尽管有些犹豫，他还是接受了那份工作。
Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly. 尽管勉强，克里斯还是同她一起去了。
●albeit: conj. although尽管；虽然（牛八）
He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us. 尽管勉强，他最后还是同意帮助我们。
4.although
●although虽然，尽管
Although in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.
尽管身体不好，她仍然继续执行任务。
We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.
虽然我们知道自己其实付不起租金，但还是决定住伍德庄园的房间。
Although I can’t help admiring the man’s courage, I do not approve of his methods.
尽管我不得不不佩服那个男子的勇气，缺不赞成他的方法。
●although但是，然而
You can copy down my answers, although I’m not sure they’re right.
你可以抄我的答案，但是我不敢肯定我答得是否正确。
No, this is my responsibility, although I appreciate your offer.
不用了，这是我的责任，不过谢谢你的好意。
5.as
●as按…的方式；如同
Do as I say! 按我说的去做！
We’d better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
在警察到来以前，我们最好什么也别动。
The money was repaid, as promised 钱按承诺还了。
He did not need to keep moving house, as his father had.
他不用像他父亲那样不停地搬家了。
Roberta was late as usual (= in the way that she usually was).
罗伯塔和往常一样迟到了。
●as正如（用于所说的话已为人所知或已经说过）
David, as you know, has not been well lately. 你知道的，戴维近来身体不大好。
As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
正如我在电话里解释的那样，下次开会将考虑你的请求。
As Napoleon once said, attack is the best method of defence.
拿破仑曾经说过，进攻是最好的防御。
●as（正当）…的时候
I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus. 我下公共汽车的时候看见了彼得。
As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
随着时间的推移，情况似乎变得更加糟糕了。
Just at the two men were leaving, a message arrived.
那两个男子刚要离开，消息就传来了。
●as因为，由于
As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home. 天越来越晚，于是我掉头回家。
We asked Philip to come with us, as he knew the road.
我们叫菲利普一起去，因为他认识路。
●as尽管，虽然
Unlikely as it might seem, I’m tired too. 虽然看起来不像，但确实我也累了。
Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open. 无论休怎样努力，她就是打不开门。
As popular as he is, the President hasn’t always managed to have his own way.
尽管总统很受拥戴，但也并非总能随心所欲。
6.as…as
They want peace as much as we do. 他们同我们一样希望和平。
Helen comes to visit me as often as she can. 海伦有空就来看我。
I can’t run as fast as I used to. 我不如以前跑得快了。
7.as/so far as
as/so far as I’m concerned（口）就我而言，依我看来
As far as I’m concerned she can come home whenever she likes.
就我而言，只要她愿意，随时可以回家。
as/so far as sth is concerned（口）就某事而论，至于某事
As far as money’s concerned, there shouldn’t be a problem.
至于钱，应该没有问题。
as/so far as I know / I can remember /I can tell/ I can see etc
（口）据我所知/据我所记得的/依我看
There weren’t any buildings there at all, as far as I can remember.
据我所记得的，那里没有任何建筑。
As far as I can see, there’s nothing else to discuss. 依我看，没有别的什么可以讨论了。
as far as it goes在有限的程度上
His theories are fine, as far as they go. 他的理论大致上还算不错。
8.as if
●as if…/as though…好像…
It sounds as though she’s been really ill. 听起来她病得很重。
Gary was behaving as though nothing had happened.
加里表现得好像什么也没发生过。
Mrs Crump looked as if she was going to explode.
克伦普太太看起来好像要大发雷霆。
Beckworth shook his head as if to say ‘Don’t trust her’.
贝克沃斯摇摇头，好像在说‘别相信她’。
●as if…/as though…仿佛/好像（用于强调某事不是真的或不会发生）
She said she’d never speak to me again. As if I cared (= I do not care at all).
她说她再也不会跟我说话了，好像我会在乎似的。
‘Don’t try any funny business, now.’ ‘As if I would.’
“好了，别耍什么花样。” “我才不会呢。”
He asked if I’d go out with him. As if (= it is extremely unlikely that I would go out with him)! 他问我是否愿意跟他出去，我才不愿意呢！
●it’s not as if其实并不
Why do they never go on holiday? I mean it’s not as if they’re poor, is it?
他们为什么从不去度假？我的意思是他们并不穷，对吗？
I don’t know why you’re so frightened of her, it’s not as if she’s got any power over you.
我不明白你为什么这样怕她，她又没权管你。
9.as long as
●as/so long as只要
You can go out to play as long as you stay in the backyard.
你可以出去玩，只要不出后院。
as/so long as 只要，只有（表示只有一件事发生或属实，另一件事才会同时发生或属实）
As long as we keep playing well, we’ll keep winning games.
只要我们一直打得好，我们会一直赢下去。
Visitors are welcome, as long as they bring their own tent.
欢迎游客前来，但需自带帐篷。
●(for) as long as长达；达…之久
You can stay for as long as you want. 你想逗留多久就逗留多久。
She tried to stay awake for as long as she could. 她尽量不让自己睡去，能醒着就醒着。
The fruit should be left on the tree as long as possible.
应该让水果尽可能在树上多生长一些时间。
10.as much as
●it was as much as sb could do to do sth某人尽最大努力也只能做某事
He looked so stupid. It was as much as I could do to stop myself from laughing.
他看上去真傻，我拼命忍住才没笑出来。
11.as soon as
●as soon as一…就…
As soon as she entered the room, she knew there was something wrong.
她一踏进房间就知道有什么不对劲了。
I’ll come over to your place as soon as I can. 我会尽快到你这里来。
As soon as relations improve they will be allowed to go. （柯林斯）
一旦关系有所改善，他们就可以获准离开。
You’ll never guess what happened as soon as I left my room.
你怎么也猜不出我一离开房间就发生了什么事。
12.as well as
●as well as并列从属连词
The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities. 该机构为贫困者提供帮助，还为当地的慈善机构募捐。
●as well as sth/sb以及某物/某人
They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.
他们在法国有一栋房子，在西班牙还有一处别墅。
●as well（除某事物或某人外）还
Why don’t you come along as well? 你为什么不一起来呢？
13.assuming (that)
●assuming（又作assuming that）假定，假设
Assuming that you get a place at university, how are you going to finance your studies?
假定你考上了大学，你如何支付学费？
Assuming (that) he’s still alive, how old would he be now?
假定他还活着，现在有多大年纪了？
I hope to go to college next year, always assuming I pass my exams.
我希望明年上大学，当然是在我通过考试的前提了。
14.because
●because因为；由于
We didn’t enjoy the day because the weather was so awful.
那天我们很不尽兴，因为天气实在太糟。
‘Why can’t I go?’ ‘Because you’re not old enough.’
“我为什么不能去？” “因为你年纪太小。”
Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was partly because he was not particularly intelligent.
休伯特从来都没有害怕的感觉，部分原因是他这人不大聪明。
Many exam candidates lose marks simply because they do not read the questions properly.
许多应试者只是因为没有好好地读题。
I decided to go with them, mainly because I had nothing better to do.
我决定和他们一起去，主要是因为我没有更好的事情可做。
I went home because I was tired. 因为累了，我就回家了。
●just because…（口）仅仅因为…
Just because you’re my brother doesn’t mean I have to like you!
你是我兄弟，那也不代表我一定得喜欢你呀！
●because of sb/sth因为某人/某事物
He had to retire because of ill health. 他因为健康问题不得不退休。
The streets were flooded because of all the rain. 下了这么多雨，街道被水淹了。
We spent three hours waiting in the rain because of you! 因为你，我们在雨里等了三个小时！
●due to/owing to因为，由于
●due to和owing to比because正式
They delay was due to a problem with the ship’s engines. 误点是因为船的引擎出了问题。
The parade had to cancelled owing to bad weather. 由于天气不好游行活动只得取消了。
●through由于，因为（尤用于说明某人成功或失败的原因）
They won the game, more through luck than skill.
他们赢了这场比赛，更多是靠运气而不是技巧。
You failed that test through carelessness. 他没能通过那次测验是因为粗心大意。
●thanks to归功于，多亏（用于解释某件好事的发生是由于某人的努力或某事物的存在）
Thanks to modern medicine, the disease can now be cured.
有赖于现代医学，这种疾病现在可以治愈了。
●since/as因为，由于（用于解释某人为何决定做某事或认为某事属实）
We decided to go to the beach since it was a nice day. 由于天气晴朗，我们决定去海滩。
I thought Kevin was out as his car wasn’t there. 我想凯文出去了，因为他的车不在那里。
●out of出于，因为（某种感情或品质）
He started reading the book out of curiosity. 他开始读那本书是出于好奇。
I only asked out of politeness. 我只是出于礼貌问了一问。
15.before
●before在…以前
Say goodbye before you go. 你走之前要告别。
I saw her a few days before she died. 她去世的前几天我见过她。
●before在…发生之前，以防
Put that money somewhere safe before it gets stolen. 把那些钱放在安全的地方，以防失窃。
That dog ought to be destroyed before it attacks any more children.
那条狗应该宰掉，免得它伤害更多的孩子。
Before I could say anything more, Holmes had rushed off towards the station.
没等我把话说完，福尔摩斯已经急匆匆离去，直奔车站去了。
●before …之后才
It was several minutes before we realised what was happening.
几分钟以后我们才明白发生了什么事情。
It will be a while before we know the results. 我们要过一会儿才能知道结果。
●before在…之前（必须做某事），…之后才能
You have to pass a test before you can get a licence. 你得通过考试才能拿到执照。
before （口）要不然，否则（表示警告）
Get out before I call the police! 滚出去，要不然我叫警察了！
●before（宁可…）也不愿
She would die before she would admit she was wrong. 她死也不肯承认自己有错。
●在以before开头的表示将来的分句中，要用现在时或现在完成时，而不用will：
I want to get home before it rains (NOT不说before it will rain). 我想在下雨前赶回家。
●barely/ hardly/ scarcely…before/when…
barely 刚刚（表示强调）= only just（英）
Graham had barely finished coffee when Henry returned.
格雷厄姆刚刚喝完咖啡，亨利就回来了。
Barely had the bulldozers started when Museum of London archaeologists swooped.
推土机刚一启动，伦敦博物馆的考古学家们就蜂拥而至了。
●hardly…when/ before
She had hardly sat down when the phone rang. 她刚坐下电话就响了。
●表示一件事紧跟另一件事，一般用had hardly或had scarcely：
I had hardly got in the house when the phone rang. 我刚进屋电话就响了。
在文学作品中，可以将hardly获scarcely置于句首，后接had和主语：
Hardly had I got in the house when the phone rang. 我刚进屋电话就响了。
●scarcely: only a moment ago仅仅，刚刚= hardly, barely
He had scarcely sat down when there was a knock at the door. 他刚坐下就有人敲门。
Bruce had scarcely shaken our hands when the phone rang.
布鲁斯刚和我们握了握手，电话就响了。
Scarcely had they left before soldiers arrived armed with rifles.
他们刚离开，扛着步枪的士兵们就到了。
16.but (that)
●but (that)的6种情况——已发
17.but what
●but what《英汉大词典》（第2版第253页but词条）
but what（口，相当于连词）相当于but或but that，但不如but或but that普通
18.considering that
●considering (that)考虑到，鉴于
Considering the strength of the opposition, we did very well to score two goals.
考虑到对方实力强大，我们能攻进两球已经很不错了。
I think we paid too much for the house, considering that we needed to get the roof repaired.
考虑到还得修理屋顶，我觉得我们这房子买贵了。
John did quite well in his exams, considering how little he studied.
考虑到约翰学习时间那么少，他考得已经算不错了。
●considering adv.（口）从各方面考虑起来，通盘考虑起来
He didn’t look too tired, considering. 总的看来，他显得还不算是太累。
19.despite the fact that
●despite尽管，虽然，任凭= in spite of
Despite all our efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it.
尽管我们竭力想保住这所学校，当局还是决定把它关闭。
She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest.
尽管医生叫她休息，她还是去了西班牙。
●不要用despite引导从句，但可以后接现在分词，或者用despite the fact that或although来引导从句：
Despite neglecting his studies, he got his degree (不说Despite he neglected his studies…).
尽管荒疏学业，但他还是取得了学位。
She seemed no happier, despite the fact that her physical condition had improved.
尽管她的身体状况已有好转，但她的心情似乎没有好起来。
Although I learned a great deal, I thought the course was too narrowly based.
尽管我学到了很多，但还是觉得这门课程的范围太狭窄。
20.directly
●directly（英，过时）一…就…
I came directly I got your message. 我收到你的口信就过来了。
●directly: conjunction（英）as soon as一…就…（麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典）
I came directly I heard what had happened. 我一听说发生的事就赶来了。
Directly he heard the door close he picked up the telephone.
他一听到门关上了就马上拿起电话。（《COBUILD英汉双解词典》）
21.each time (that)
●each time (that)
Every time/Each time I ask you to do something, you always say you’re too busy.
每次我叫你做事时你都说太忙。（剑桥高阶）
●each和every that常常可以互换使用，意思上没有多大区别。
You look more beautiful each/every time I see you.
我每次看到你，你都比之前更漂亮。（《牛津英语用法指南》第三版）
22.even if
●even if即使，纵然
She’s going to have problems finding a job even if she gets her A levels.
即使通过了高级程度考试，她以后找工作也还是问题。
I wouldn’t tell you even if I knew. 即使我知道我也不会告诉你。
Even if she survives, she’ll never fully recover. 即使她挺过来，也不可能完全康复。
23.even though
●even though虽然，尽管
Even though he’s 24 now, he’s still like a little child. 虽然他现在24岁了，但还是像个小孩子。
I can still remember, even though it was so long ago. 虽然是很久以前的事，但我还记得。
24.every time (that)
I meet up with Julie every time I go to Washington. 我每次到华盛顿都和茱莉见面。
Every time I hear that song I feel happy. 我每次听到那首歌都感到很愉快。（牛八）
25.excepting
excepting: prep. 除…外
excepting（古）除非；只是，要不是
26.except (that)
●except除了…之外
Clarissa could think of nothing to say except that she was so sorry.
除了表示很抱歉之外，克拉丽莎想不出有什么话好说。
Benson kept the studio locked except when he was working there.
本森总是把工作室上锁，除非是他在里面工作的时候。
●except不可单独引导从句，要用unless或except when/where/if
We won’t go unless you really want to (不说except you really want to).
除非你实在想去，否则我们就不去了。
I cycle to work, except when it rains (不说except it rains). 我骑车去上班，除非下雨。
●except that要不是由于（用于说明某水没做成或没发生的原因）
Liz would have run, except that she didn’t want to appear to be in a hurry.
要不是因为不想显得很匆忙，利兹就会跑起来。
27.for
●for（正式）因为
I cannot tell whether she is old or young, for I have never seen her.
我不知道她是年老还是年轻，因为我从没见过她。
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
他觉得阅读越来越费劲，因为他的视力开始衰退了。
●for (old-fashioned or literary) 因为；由于 （牛八）
We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
我们急不可待地听着，因为他带来了我们家人的消息。
I believed her—for surely she would not lie to me.
我相信她的话，因为她肯定不会向我撒谎。
28.forasmuch
forasmuch（古）由于，鉴于（as）（《新世纪英汉大词典》）
forasmuch as（文）（法律）既然；因为；鉴于(=since) （《文馨当代英汉词典》）
29.for fear (that)
●for fear (that) 唯恐（…），生怕（…）
She finally ran away for fear that he would kill her. 她最后逃走了，唯恐他会杀她。
for fear of sth/of doing sth, for fear (that)唯恐…，以免（发生危险）（牛八）
We spoke quietly for fear of waking the guards. 我们悄悄说话，以免惊醒警卫。
I had to run away for fear (that) he might one day kill me.
我只好逃走，生怕有一天把我杀了。
30.given (that)
●give: taking something into account考虑到，鉴于
Given the circumstances, you’ve done really well.
鉴于这种情况，你已经算是处理得很好了。
Given that the patients have some disabilities, we still try to enable them to be as independent as possible. 虽然考虑到病人有生理上的不便，我们还是尽量让他们自立。
31.granting (that)
●granted (granting) that…假定…，就算…（通常用granted）
Granted (Granting) that the house is old, I still want to buy it.
即使那幢房子是旧的，我也扔想买下它。（英汉多功能学习词典）
32.granted (that)
●granted (that): because of the fact that因为
Granted that it is a simple test to perform, it should be easy to get results quickly.
因为这化验做起来简单，所以应该不难很快得出结果。（牛八）
●granted or granted that（表示某事属实，然后再对其作出评论）不错，的确
Granted that the firm has not broken the law, is the law what it should be?
的确，这家公司没有违法，但这样的法律是否合理呢？（柯林斯）
●granted假定；就算
Granted (that) the story’s true, what are you going to do about it?
假定这种说法是真的，你又打算怎样去做？《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》
33.how
●how: in any way in which以任何方式；无论用什么方法 = however
I’ll dress how I like in my own house! 我在自己家里爱怎么穿就怎么穿！（牛八）
《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》第1080页how词条1
●how: in what way; by what methods如何；怎么
I don’t care about fashion, I dress how I please.
我们太在乎时尚，衣服我爱怎么穿就怎么穿。
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第1024页how词条1e
●how: informal [非正式] in whatever way不管用什么方式
Now I’ve left school I can dress how I want.
我现在已经离开学校了，可以爱怎么打扮就怎么打扮。
《英语词汇用法手册》（L. G. 亚历山大编著）第137页how，as词条
●This steak is cooked just how/as I like it.
这牛排正是像/按我所喜欢的那样做出来的。（= 那种方式）
《朗文英语语法》第45页1.47
●在口语中how和the way可以代替as，如：
This steak is cooked just how/the way I like it. 这牛排正是按我喜欢的那样做的。
34.however
●however不管怎样，无论如何
If we win the match, we’ll be delighted, however it happens.
如果我们能赢下这场比赛，不管怎么赢的我们都会高兴。
However you look at it, it was a wicked thing to do.
不管你这么看待这件事情，它都是一件缺德的事。
35.if
1)if引导条件状语从句（有五种说法）
We’ll stay at home if it rains. 如果下雨，我们就待在家里。
If you need money, I can lend you some. 如果你需要钱，我能借你一些。
What would happen to your family if you were to die in an accident?
要是你在意外事故中身亡，你的家人会怎么样呢？
If Dad were here, he would know what to do.
如果爸爸在这儿，他会知道这么做的。
If I didn’t apologize, I’d feel guilty. 如果我不道歉，我会感到内疚。
If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exams.
要是你再努力一些，就通过考试了。
Taste the soup and add salt and pepper if necessary.
尝一下汤，需要的话加一点盐和胡椒粉。
I want to get back by five o’clock if possible. 如果可能的话，我想5点钟之前回来。
I think I can fix it tomorrow, if not, you’ll have to wait till Friday.
我想明天我能修好它，如果不行，你只好等到周五了。
Is the book available, and if so, where? 有没有这本书？如果有的话，在哪儿？
The missiles can be fired only if the operator types in a six-code.
只有在操作员输入一组六位数密码后，导弹才能被发射。
We’ll face that problem if and when it comes along (= if fit happens or when it happens).
如果这一问题真的发生了，我们就要面对它。
If by any chance you can’t manage dinner tonight, perhaps we can at least have a drink together.
万一你今晚不能来吃饭，或许我们至少可以一起喝一杯。
2)if引导主语从句（只能位于句中，不可位于句首）
Will it matter if I’m a little late? 我晚来一会儿不要紧吧？
It matters little if/whether he wins the race or not.
他赛跑能不能获胜，没有多大关系。（出自《英汉多功能学习词典》）
3)if引导宾语从句
He stopped to ask me if I was all right. 他停下来问我是否身体不适。
I don’t know if what I am saying makes any sense.
我不知道我说的话是否有道理。
4)if引导补足语从句
I’m not sure if his is the right road or not. 我不确定这条路对不对。
5)if引导时间状语从句= when, whenever
If I go to bed late, I feel dreadful in the morning. 我要是晚睡了，起来就会感觉非常糟。
Plastic will melt if it gets too hot. 塑料太热会融化。
6)if引导目的状语从句(if to do sth)
●if only to do sth哪怕只是为了做某事《新世纪英汉大词典》（主编胡壮麟）
She writes me often, if only to scold me because I haven’t written to her.
她常来信，即使仅仅为了责怪我还没写信给她。
7)if引导让步状语从句
if即使；纵然；尽管
Brian rarely, if ever, goes to bed before 3 am.
布莱恩难得在凌晨3点钟之前睡觉。
Their policies have changed little, if at all, since the last election.
自从上次选举后，他们的政策纵使有改变也是微乎其微。
Her needs are just as important as yours, if not more so.
她的需求即使不比你的更重要，也至少也你的一样重要。
The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out.
现在雪已有两英尺深，就算有可能，把车弄出来也是困难的。
8)if引导表语从句（尽管不多，但还是也可见到）
《牛津英语用法指南》（第三版）第960页4：
当以疑问词开头的从句作主语或补语时，通常更倾向于用whether。
Whether we can stay with my mother is another matter.
我们是不是能和我母亲住在一起，则是另一回事。（主语）
The question is whether the man can be trusted.
问题在于那男人是否可靠。（补语）
也可以用The question is if…,但不太常见。
The question is if the man can be trusted. 问题在于那男人是否可靠。
《当代高级英语语法》（精装版 主编 徐广联）第873页
whether可以引导表语从句，在非正式口语中也可用if。
The question is whether it is worth trying.
问题是这是否值得一试。（表语从句，可用if）
9)4个动词不可使用if，只用whether
《剑桥高级英语语法》（第二版中文版）第178页if和whether
在下列情况下常用whether而不用if：
在动词advise, choose, consider, depend on, discuss, talk about和think about之后：
You should consider whether the car you are interested in is good value.
36.if only
●if only但愿，要是…就好了（表示强烈愿望，尤用于知道所想的事不能发生时）
If only he had talked to her sooner! 他要是早点和她谈谈就好了！
If only I weren’t so tired! 我要是这么累该多好！
●If only要是，只要（用于为某事给出原因，即使不充分）
Media studies is regarded as a more exciting subject, if only because it’s new.
媒体研究被视为一门更能激起人们兴趣的学科，仅仅因为它是个新兴学科。
2016年12月31日
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