一
起
来
国际康复医学资讯之康复英语再次升级——这次和我们一起说出来！
多重播几遍原声，尽全力模仿原声的语调语气，才是有用的。
第一步：
仔细听视频中的英文原文，先尝试在心里重复一遍
第二步：
对照英文原文和中文译文，再次加深学习
英文原文
（已适当过滤和修正口语表达）：
Parkinson’s disease, which is sometimes called Parkinson disease, Parkinson’s, or just PD, is a movement disorder where the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain undergo degeneration. Parkinson’s is one of the most common neurological disorders. It’s a progressive, adult-onset disease, and it gets more common with age, affecting about 1% of people over 60. Most of the time, there’s no known cause. But in a few cases, there might be a genetic cause, like mutations in the PINK1, parkin, or alpha synuclein genes, and in rare cases, Parkinsonian symptoms might be caused by MPTP, a toxic impurity that can be found in the recreational drug MPPP or desmethylprodine, which is a synthetic opioid. In other people, one or more risk factors, rather than a single outright cause, might contribute to Parkinson’s, for example pesticide exposure or DNA variants in genes like LRRK2.
No matter what the cause is, Parkinson’s derives from the death of dopamine-producing, or dopaminergic, neurons in the substantia nigra. The name substantia nigra means “black substance,” since it is darker than other brain regions when you look at a slice of the brain on an autopsy. We usually refer to the substantia nigra as if it’s in a single location, but there are actually two of these regions in the brain, one on each side of the midbrain. The substantia nigra is a part of the basal ganglia, a collection of brain regions that control movement through their connections with the motor cortex. In Parkinson’s, these darkened areas of the substantia nigra gradually disappear. Under a microscope, Lewy bodies, which are these eosinophilic, round inclusions made of alpha-synuclein protein are present in the affected substantia nigra neurons before they die. The function of alpha-synuclein is unknown, as well as the significance of the Lewy bodies, and they are both also found in other diseases like Lewy body dementia and multiple system atrophy.
The substantia nigra actually can be split into two sub-regions. First, there’s the pars reticulata, which receives signals from another part of the basal ganglia called the striatum, which is a term for the caudate and putamen put together, and relays messages to the thalamus via neurons rich in the neurotransmitter GABA, also known as gamma-aminobutyric acid. Second, there’s the pars compacta, and this is the part of the substantia nigra affected in Parkinson’s. The pars compacta sends messages to the striatum via neurons rich in the neurotransmitter dopamine, forming the nigrostriatal pathway, which helps to stimulate the cerebral cortex and initiate movement. Therefore, when the substantia nigra pars compacta neurons die, the individual might be in a hypokinetic or low movement state, which is commonly seen in Parkinson’s.
帕金森氏症，有时也被称为帕金森氏病，帕金森，或简称PD，是一种运动障碍，即大脑黑质中负责产生多巴胺的神经元发生恶化。帕金森病是最常见的神经系统疾病之一。这是一种渐进性的成人发病疾病，随着年龄的增长越来越常见，60岁以上人群中约有1%的人患有此病。大多数时候没有确切的病因，但在少数情况下，可能是遗传原因造成的，比如PINK1基因,帕金蛋白,或α-核蛋白基因的突变。在极少数情况下，帕金森症也可能是由一种毒性杂质MPTP引起的，这一物质可迷幻药MPPP或1-甲基-4-苯基-4-哌啶丙酸酯，一种合成的阿片类药物中找到。对另一些人来说，帕金森病可能是由一个或多个危险因素导致的，而不是一个直接原因，例如接触农药或LRRK2等基因中的DNA变异。
不管原因是什么，帕金森氏症都是由黑质中产生多巴胺或多巴胺能的神经元死亡引起的。黑质这个名字的意思是“黑色物质”，因为当你解剖大脑切片时，它比其他大脑区域都要暗。我们通常把黑质看作是位于一个特定的位置，但实际上大脑中有两个黑质区域，位于中脑的两侧。黑质是基底神经节的一部分，基底神经节是大脑区域的集合，通过与运动皮层的连接来控制运动。在帕金森病中，这些黑质变黑的区域逐渐消失。在显微镜下，路易体(Lewy bodies)——由αs突触核蛋白构成的嗜酸性圆形包涵体——会出现在受影响的黑质神经元死亡前。αs突触核蛋白的功能和路易体的意义尚不清楚，而这两者也会出现在其他疾病中，如路易体痴呆、多系统萎缩等疾病。
黑质实际上可以分为两个子区域。首先是网状区，它从基底神经节的另一部分——纹状体那里接收信号，纹状体即指尾状核和壳质结合在一起，它通过富含神经递质GABA(伽马氨基丁酸)的神经元向丘脑传递信息。其次是致密部，这是帕金森氏症中黑质受影响的部分。致密部通过富含神经递质多巴胺的神经元向纹状体发送信息，形成黑纹状体通路，帮助刺激大脑皮层并启动运动。因此，当黑质致密部神经元死亡时，患者可能会出现帕金森氏症中常见的运动功能减退状态。
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看着原文，对照着视频再读一遍
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