在课堂学习中，我们注重的是先验知识、显性知识、命题知识。然而，让我们在科研和实际工作中走向成功的，是进一步获取后验知识、隐性知识、非命题知识。除自学或自我摸索外，给我们讲授前三种知识的，是老师，给我们传授后三种知识的，是导师。那么，这几种知识到底是指什么？下面就给出答案。关于什么是，确切地说，不同类型的知识有如此多的分歧，以至于一个人们都认可的“主清单”根本不存在。这是因为知识是纯粹的哲学定义；争论跨越了几个世纪，争吵掩盖了事实，每个人对什么是知识和什么不是知识都有不同的看法。There is so much disagreement over what are, exactly, the different types of knowledge that an agreed upon “master list” simply does not exist. This is because knowledge is purely philosophical; debates span centuries, arguments supersede fact and everyone has a different opinion about what is, or is not, knowledge.
下面是一份关于不同类型的知识和知识理论的主清单。当然，人们并不都会认同这种分类）。通过自己盘点这种令人生畏的分类，将本文新确立的“知识”据为己有，并获取属于自己的更可信的知识。 What follows is a master list (although, of course, it won’t be agreed upon) of the different types of knowledge and theories of knowledge that are out there. Turn this new-found “knowledge” on yourself with this awesome class on how to take inventory of yourself and gain authentic self-knowlege.
第一类是先验证知识
先验和后验是认识论（知识研究）的两个原始术语。先验的字面意思是“从以前”或“从更早”。这是因为先验知识取决于一个人可以从世界中导出什么，而不需要去经历它。这被称之为推理。当然，一定程度的经验是形成先验知识所必需的。
A priori and and a posteriori are two of the original terms in epistemology (the study ofknowledge). A priori literally means “from before” or “fromearlier.” This is because a priori knowledge depends upon whata person can derive from the world without needing to experience it. This isbetter known as reasoning. Of course, a degree of experience isnecessary upon which a priori knowledge can take shape.让我们看一个例子。如果你在一个没有窗户的封闭房间里，有人问你天气怎么样，你就无法用任何程度的真实答案来回答他们。假如你能回答，那么你当时肯定不会拥有某一关于此问题的先验知识。简言之，你应当不可能在此情形下推理出知识性答案。
Let’s look at an example. If you were ina closed room with no windows and someone asked you what the weather was like, you would not be able to answer them with any degree of truth. If you did, then you certainly would not be in possession of a priori knowledge. It would simply be impossible to use reasoning to produce a knowledgable answer.另一方面，如果房间里有一块黑板，有人写下了方程式4+6=？，那么你可以找到答案，而不必找到四个实际物体再加上另外六个实际物体来数出答案。你会知道答案是10，而不需要经历现实过程来理解。事实上，数学方程是先验知识最常见的例子之一。
On the other hand, if there were a chalkboard in the room and someone wrote the equation 4 + 6 = ? onthe board, then you could find the answer without physically finding four objects and adding six more objects to them and then counting them. You would know the answer is 10 without needing a real world experience to understand it. In fact, mathematical equations are one of the most popular examples of apriori knowledge.第二类是后验知识
自然地，从字面上看，后验的意思是“从更晚的事物”或“从后来的事物”。这是指，参考你以往的体验，并使用不一样的推理（归纳）来获得知识。这种知识的获得过程是这样的，首先是得到体验（哲学的重要思想是通过五种感官获得的），然后通过逻辑和反思从中获得理解。在哲学中，这一术语有时与基于观察的知识（empirical knowledge）互换使用。
Naturally, then, a posteriori literally means “from what comes later” or “from what comes after.” This is a reference to experience and using a different kind of reasoning (inductive) to gain knowledge. This kind of knowledge is gained by first having an experience (and the important idea in philosophy is that it is acquired through the five senses) and then using logic and reflection to derive understanding from it. In philosophy, this term is sometimes used interchangeably with empirical knowledge, which is knowledge based on observation.人们认为先验知识比后验知识更可靠。这似乎有悖常理，因为在前一种情况下，人们只是坐在房间里，根据碎片化的事实证据来获取知识，而在后一种情况下，人们在这个世界上有着真实的经历。但问题就在于这个事实：每个人的经历都是主观的，会得到不同解释。这是一个非常复杂的主题，你应当可以从阅读本篇关于知识问题以及如何识别和使用它们的文章得到关于后验知识的启发。相反，数学方程就是定律（即不依赖主观判断的知识）。
It is believed that apriori knowledge is more reliable than a posteriori knowledge.This might seem counter-intuitive, since in the former case someone can just sit inside of a room and base their knowledge on factual evidence while in the latter case someone is having real experiences in the world. But the problemlies in this very fact: everyone’s experiences are subjective and open to interpretation. This is a very complex subject and you might find it illuminating to read this post on knowledge issues and how to identify and use them. A mathematical equation, on the other hand, is law.第三类是显性知识
现在我们来进入显性和隐性知识的范畴。正如你现在已经注意到的，知识类型往往是成对出现的，并且常常是相互对立的。显式知识类似于先验知识，因为它更正式或更可靠。显性知识是通过媒介记录和传播的知识。它构成我们的图书馆和数据库。所包含内容的细节不如如何包含内容那么重要。从科学到艺术的任何东西都可能有可以用显性知识表达的元素。
Now we are entering the realm of explicit and tacit knowledge. As you have noticed by now, types of knowledgetend to come in pairs and are often antitheses of each other. Explicitknowledge is similar to a priori knowledge in that it is moreformal or perhaps more reliable. Explicit knowledge is knowledge that isrecorded and communicated through mediums. It is our libraries and databases.The specifics of what is contained is less important than how it is contained. Anything from the sciences to the arts can have elements that can be expressed in explicit knowledge. 显性知识的定义特征是，它可以很容易、迅速地从一个人传递到另一个人，或传递到另外一万人或一百亿人。它也倾向于有系统地组织起来。例如，一本关于美国建国的历史教科书将采用按时间顺序排列的方法，因为这将允许知识通过一个递进的系统建立在自己的基础上；在这种情况下，是时间。
The defining feature of explicitknowledge is that it can be easily and quickly transmitted from one individual to another, or to another ten-thousand or ten-billion. It also tends to beorganized systematically. For example, a history textbook on the founding ofAmerica would take a chronological approach as this would allow knowledge to build upon itself through a progressive system; in this case, time.第四类是隐性知识
我应该注意到，隐性知识是20世纪50年代才提出的一种相对较新的理论，虽然显性知识很容易从一个人传播到另一个人，但隐性知识恰恰相反。通过任何媒介交流隐性知识，即使不是不可能，也是极其困难的。
I should note that tacit knowledge is a relatively new theory introduced only as recently as the 1950s. Whereasexplicit knowledge is very easy to communicate and transfer from one individualto another, tacit knowledge is precisely the opposite. It is extremelydifficult, if not impossible, to communicate tacit knowledge through any medium.例如，关于美国建国的教科书可以教授事实（或我们认为是事实的东西），但是一个专业的音乐家不能真正地交流他们的知识；换句话说，他们不能告诉别人如何演奏乐器，从而使得别人将立即拥有这些知识。这种知识的获得程度必须远远超出理论。从这个意义上说，隐性知识最接近于后验知识，因为它只能通过经验获得。
For example, the textbook on the founding of America can teach facts (or things we believe to be facts), butsomeone who is an expert musician can not truly communicate their knowledge; inother words, they can not tell someone how to play the instrument and the person will immediately possess that knowledge. That knowledge must be acquiredto a degree that goes far, far beyond theory. In this sense, tacit knowledge wouldmost closely resemble a posteriori knowledge, as it can only beachieved through experience.隐性知识最大的困难是知道什么时候有用，以及弄清楚如何使它变得可用。隐性知识只能通过持续和广泛的关系或接触（例如从职业音乐家那里学习）来交流。但即使在这种情况下，也不会有真正的知识转移。通常有两种形式的知识诞生，因为每个人都必须填补不确定的空白（如技能、捷径、节奏等）。
The biggest difficult of tacit knowledgeis knowing when it is useful and figuring out how to make it usable. Tacit knowledge can only be communicated through consistent andextensive relationships or contact (such as taking lessons from a professionalmusician). But even in this cases there will not be a true transfer of knowledge. Usually two forms of knowledge are born, as each person must fill incertain blanks (such as skill, short-cuts, rhythms, etc.). 第五类是命题知识
我们的最后一对知识理论是命题知识和非命题知识，这两种理论与已经讨论过的其他一些理论有相似之处。命题知识是迄今为止最奇怪的定义，因为人们通常认为，它是可以在命题中字面表达的知识；也就是说，在陈述句（使用它的另一个名称）或指示性命题中。
Our last pair of knowledge theories are propositional and non-propositional knowledge, both of which share similarities with some of the other theories already discussed. Propositional knowledge has the oddest definition yet, as it is commonly held that it is knowledge that can literally be expressed in propositions; that is, in declarative sentences (to use its other name) or indicative propositions.命题知识与先验知识和显性知识没有太大区别。关键的属性是知道某事是真实的。同样，数学方程可以是命题知识的一个例子，因为它是对某事的知识，而不是对如何做某事的知识。
Propositional knowledge is not so different from a priori and explicit knowledge. The key attribute is knowing that something is true. Again, mathematical equations could be an example of propositional knowledge, because it is knowledge of something, as opposed to knowledge of how to do something. 最好的例子是将命题知识与我们下一种形式的知识，非命题知识或程序性知识进行对比。让我们以一本教科书/手册/教学小册子为例，它包含了如何编写计算机程序的信息。命题知识就是简单地知道某事或对某事有所了解。因此，如果你阅读和/或记忆课本或手册，那么你就会知道如何编写计算机程序的步骤。你甚至可以用陈述句或指示性命题的形式向别人重复这些步骤。然而，你可能已经记住了每一个单词，却不知道如何实际给一台计算机编程。这就是需要引入非命题或程序性知识的原因。
The best example is one that contrasts propositional knowledge with our next form of knowledge, non-propositional or procedural knowledge. Let’s use a textbook/manual/instructional pamphlet that has information on how to program a computer as our example. Propositional knowledge is simply knowing something or having knowledge of something. So if you read and/or memorized the textbook or manual, then you would know the steps on how to program a computer. You could even repeat these steps to someone else in the form of declarative sentences or indicative propositions. However, you may have memorized every word yet have no idea how to actually program a computer. That is where non-propositional or procedural knowledge comes in.第六类是非命题知识
非命题知识（也就是程序性知识，但我决定使用“非命题”，因为它是“命题”的一个更明显的对立面）是可以使用的知识；它可以应用于某些事件，比如问题。程序性知识不同于命题性知识，它是通过“做”获得的；命题性知识是通过更保守的学习形式获得的。
Non-propositional knowledge (which isbetter known as procedural knowledge, but I decided to use “non-propositional”because it is a more obvious antithesis to “propositional”) is knowledge thatcan be used; it can be applied to something, such as a problem.Procedural knowledge differs from propositional knowledge in that it isacquired “by doing”; propositional knowledge is acquired by more conservativeforms of learning.程序性知识的一个重要特征是它可以在法庭上主张。换句话说，开发自己的程序或方法的公司可以将其作为知识产权加以保护。当然，它们可以被出售、保护、出租等。
One of the defining characteristics of procedural knowledge is that it can be claimed in a court of law. In otherwords, companies that develop their own procedures or methods can protect themas intellectual property. They can then, of course, be sold, protected, leased,etc.程序性知识有许多优点。显然，实践经验是极其宝贵的；从字面上讲，它可以用来就业。我们今天看到的是，经验（程序）正在超越教育（命题）。当然，教育是伟大的，但经验决定了一个人能够完成什么。所以，一个“知道”如何编写代码的人几乎没有“编写”或“已经编写”代码的人有价值。但也有人认为，这是一把双刃剑，因为熟练所需的经验程度限制了我们的多样性范围。
Procedural knowledge has manyadvantages. Obviously, hands-on experience is extremely valuable; literally so,as it can be used to obtain employment. We are seeing this today as experience(procedural) is eclipsing education (propositional). Sure, education is great,but experience is what defines what a person is capable of accomplishing. Sosomeone who “knows” how to write code is not nearly as valuable as someone who“writes” or “has written” code. However, some people believe that this is adouble-edged sword, as the degree of experience required to become proficient limits us to a relatively narrow field of variety.但是没有人能否认经验的内在价值。这通常比命题知识更准确，因为它更类似于科学方法；假设被测试，观察被使用，结果被推进。
But nobody can deny the intrinsic andreal value of experience. This is often more accurate than propositionalknowledge because it is more akin to the scientific method; hypotheses are tested, observation is used, and progress results.原文，Udemy Editor，The 6 Types Of Knowledge: From A Priori To Procedural ，February 2020
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