本词条从基础知识、判断对象和应用技巧等方面,介绍了SQL(Structured Query Language)结构化查询语言的应用方法。
数据库概述:
1、DBMS(DataBaseManagementSystem,数据库管理系统)和数据库。平时谈到“数据库”可能有两种含义:MSSQLServer、Oracle等某种DBMS;存放一堆数据表的一个分类(Catalog)
2、数据库的构成-管理软件/服务/数据文件(表,视图...)
3、不同品牌的DBMS有自己的不同的特点:MYSQL、MSSQLServer、DB2、Oracle、Access、Sybase等。对于开发人员来讲,大同小异
4、SQL的全称是:Structured Query Language(结构化查询语言)SQL<>SQLServer<>MSSQLServer。最常见的错误。
5、除了Access、SQLServerCE等文件型数据库之外,大部分数据库都需要数据库服务器才能运行。学习\开发时是连接本机的数据库,上线运行时是数据库运行在单独的服务器。
创建之前判断该数据库是否存在
if exists (select * from sysdatabases where name='databaseName')
drop database databaseName
go
Create DATABASE databasename
drop database dbname //删除后无法通过日志恢复
--- 创建备份数据的 device
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'
--- 开始备份
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根据已有的表创建新表:
A:go
use 原数据库名
go
select * into 目的数据库名.dbo.目的表名 from 原表名(使用旧表创建新表)
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only
create sequence SIMON_SEQUENCE
minvalue 1 -- 最小值
maxvalue 999999999999999999999999999 -- 最大值
start with 1 -- 开始值
increment by 1 -- 每次加几
cache 20;
drop table tabname
Alter table tabname add colname coltype
Alter table tabname drop column colname
Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
说明:删除主键:Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col…。)
删除索引:drop index idxname on tabname
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。
create view viewname as select statement
删除视图:drop view viewname
(1) 数据记录筛选:
sql="select * from 数据表 where 字段名=字段值 order by 字段名 [desc]"
sql="select * from 数据表 where 字段名 like '%字段值%' order by 字段名 [desc]"
sql="select top 10 * from 数据表 where 字段名=字段值 order by 字段名 [desc]"
sql="select top 10 * from 数据表 order by 字段名 [desc]"
sql="select * from 数据表 where 字段名 in ('值1','值2','值3')"
sql="select * from 数据表 where 字段名 between 值1 and 值2"
(2) 更新数据记录:
sql="update 数据表 set 字段名=字段值 where 条件表达式"
sql="update 数据表 set 字段1=值1,字段2=值2 …… 字段n=值n where 条件表达式"
(3) 删除数据记录:
sql="delete from 数据表 where 条件表达式"
sql="delete from 数据表" (将数据表所有记录删除)
(4) 添加数据记录:
sql="insert into 数据表 (字段1,字段2,字段3 …) values (值1,值2,值3 …)"
sql="insert into 目标数据表 select * from 源数据表" (把源数据表的记录添加到目标数据表)
(5) 数据记录统计函数:
AVG(字段名) 得出一个表格栏平均值
COUNT(*;字段名) 对数据行数的统计或对某一栏有值的数据行数统计
MAX(字段名) 取得一个表格栏最大的值
MIN(字段名) 取得一个表格栏最小的值
SUM(字段名) 把数据栏的值相加
引用以上函数的方法:
sql="select sum(字段名) as 别名 from 数据表 where 条件表达式"
set rs=conn.excute(sql)
用 rs("别名") 获取统计的值,其它函数运用同上。
查询去除重复值:select distinct * from table1
(5) 数据表的建立和删除:
CREATE TABLE 数据表名称(字段1 类型1(长度),字段2 类型2(长度) …… )
(6) 单列求和:
SELECT SUM(字段名) FROM 数据表
A:UNION 运算符
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如TABLE1 和TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随UNION 一起使用时(即UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自TABLE1 就是来自TABLE2。
B: EXCEPT 运算符
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在TABLE1 中但不在TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当ALL 随EXCEPT 一起使用时(EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。
C:INTERSECT 运算符
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括TABLE1 和TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当ALL 随INTERSECT 一起使用时(INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。
“where 1=1”是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,
如:
if @strWhere !='
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhere
end
else
begin
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'
end
我们可以直接写成
set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 and '+ @strWhere
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)
转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限
exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'
go
Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER
GO
DBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK
GO
Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER
GO
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname,
@MaxMinutes INT,
@NewSize INT
USE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名
Select @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名
@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log.
@NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)
-- Setup / initialize
DECLARE @OriginalSize int
Select @OriginalSize = size
FROM sysfiles
Where name = @LogicalFileName
Select 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
Where name = @LogicalFileName
Create TABLE DummyTrans
(DummyColumn char (8000) not null)
DECLARE @Counter INT,
@StartTime DATETIME,
@TruncLog VARCHAR(255)
Select @StartTime = GETDATE(),
@TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'
DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)
EXEC (@TruncLog)
-- Wrap the log if necessary.
WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired
AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName)
AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize
BEGIN -- Outer loop.
Select @Counter = 0
WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000))
BEGIN -- update
Insert DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log')
Delete DummyTrans
Select @Counter = @Counter + 1
END
EXEC (@TruncLog)
END
Select 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' +
CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB'
FROM sysfiles
Where name = @LogicalFileName
Drop TABLE DummyTrans
SET NOCOUNT OFF
exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'
Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch
@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),
@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)
AS
DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)
DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR
select 'Name' = name,
'Owner' = user_name(uid)
from sysobjects
where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner
order by name
OPEN curObject
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)
BEGIN
if @Owner=@OldOwner
begin
set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name)
exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner
end
-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner
FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner
END
close curObject
deallocate curObject
GO
declare @i int
set @i=1
while @i<30
begin
insert into test (userid) values(@i)
set @i=@i+1
end
if exists (select* from sysdatabases where name= '数据库名')
dropdatabase[数据库名]
if not exists (select * from sysobjects where [name] = '表名' and xtype='U')
begin
--这里创建表
end
if exists (select* from sysobjects whereid = object_id(N'[存储过程名]') and OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsProcedure') = 1)
dropprocedure[存储过程名]
if object_id('tempdb..#临时表名') isnot null
droptable#临时表名
--SQL Server 2000
IF EXISTS (SELECT* FROM sysviews WHEREobject_id = '[dbo].[视图名]'
--SQL Server 2005
IF EXISTS (SELECT* FROM sys.views WHERE object_id = '[dbo].[视图名]'
if exists (select* from dbo.sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[dbo].[函数名]') and xtype in (N'FN', N'IF', N'TF'))
dropfunction[dbo].[函数名]
SELECT[name],[id],crdate FROM sysobjects where xtype='U'
/*
xtype 的表示参数类型,通常包括如下这些 C = CHECK约束 D = 默认值或DEFAULT约束 F = FOREIGNKEY约束 L = 日志 FN = 标量函数 IF = 内嵌表函数 P = 存储过程 PK = PRIMARYKEY约束(类型是K) RF = 复制筛选存储过程 S = 系统表 TF = 表函数 TR = 触发器U = 用户表 UQ = UNIQUE约束(类型是K) V = 视图 X = 扩展存储过程 */
if exists(select* from syscolumns whereid=object_id('表名') and name='列名')
altertable表名dropcolumn列名
if columnproperty(object_id('table'),'col','IsIdentity')=1
print '自增列'
else
print '不是自增列'
SELECT* FROM sys.columns WHEREobject_id=OBJECT_ID('表名')
AND is_identity=1
if exists(select* from sysindexes whereid=object_id('表名') and name='索引名')
print '存在'
else
print '不存在
SELECT* FROM sysobjects WHEREname='对象名'
select * from table(所要查询的表名) where coloum(条件)
(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
法二:select top 0 * into b from a
(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)
insert into b(x, y, z) select d,e,f from a;
(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)
insert into b(x, y, z) select d,e,f from a in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件
例子:。.from b in '"&Server.MapPath("."&"\data.mdb" &"' where..
(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
(表名1:a
select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
between为查询某字段的指定范围,限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括边界值
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
两张关联表delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>5
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段= a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段
select top 10 * from table1 where 范围
选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等。)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
包括所有在TableA 中但不在TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
(select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
select newid()
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)
select name from sysobjects where type='U'
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')
列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
显示结果:
type vender pcs
电脑A 1
电脑A 1
光盘B 2
光盘A 2
手机B 3
手机C 3
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
select top 5 * from (select top10 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc) table_2 order by id
declare @numid int
declare @id varchar(50)
set @numid=2005
set @id=convert(varchar,@numid)
通过上述语句完成数据类型Int转换成varchar,其他转换类似,可参看convert函数
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