What should you know to be a qualified art lover? Of course，it's necessary to know some of the greatest artists and their masterpieces, but that's not enough. Even a layman might know the names like Van Gogh，Cezanne, Picasso or Renoir，what he doesn't know are the terminologies, such as muralist，Genre Ukiyoe, improvisation and chiaroscuro, etc.
作为一名合格的艺术爱好者，你应该知道些什么？自然，对那些最伟大的艺术家和他们的作品耳熟能详是必不可少 的，但仅仅做到这一点还不够。就算是个门外汉，可能也知道梵高、塞尚、毕加索或雷诺阿这些名字，他不知道的是那些专业术语，比如壁画家、浮世绘、即兴创作和明暗对比等。
If you are an art lover, this booklet can help you uncover more background information; if you are not, then the terminologies can bea perfect cover when you want to disguise as one of them.
如果你是个艺术爱好者，这本小册子能帮助你获得更多背景信息；如果你不是，那么学点专业术语，你就能完美地假装自己是个内行。
Picasso is, to art history, a giant earthquake with eternal aftermaths. With the possible exception of Michelangelo (who focused his greatest efforts in sculpture and architecture), no other artist had such ambitions at the time of placing his oeuvre in the history of art. Picasso created the avant-garde. Picasso destroyed the avant-garde. He looked back at the masters and surpassed them all. He faced the whole history of art single-handedly and redefined the tortuous relationship between work and spectator.
毕加索对艺术史而言，无异于一场余波永存的大地震。也许除了米开朗琪罗（他的创作重心主要放在雕塑和建筑上）之外，还没有哪个艺术家如此雄心勃勃地用自己的作品在艺术史上留下印迹。毕加索亲手创建了先锋派，又亲手颠覆了它；他回顾过去那些大师们，把他们逐一超越；他面对一部厚重的艺术史，单枪匹马地重新定义了作品和观众之间的复杂关系。
It has been said that Giotto was the first real painter, like Adam was the first man. Giotto continued the Byzantine style of Cimabue and other predecessors, but he earned the right to be included in gold letters in the history of painting when he added a quality unknown to date: emotion.
据说乔托是第一个真正的画家，就像亚当是第一个男人一样。乔托延续了契马布埃等前辈的拜占庭风格，他的名字之所以能在绘画史上长存不朽，是因为他在自己的作品中加入了一种至今都难能可贵的品质：情感。
For better or for worse, Leonardo will be forever known as the author of the most famous painting of all time, the 'Gioconda' or 'Mona Lisa'. But he is more, much more. His humanist, almost scientific gaze, entered the art of the quattrocento and revoluted it with his sfumato that nobody was ever able to imitate.
不管怎么说，达芬奇的名字都与他创作那幅有史以来最著名的画作《蒙娜丽莎》密不可分，然而他的成就远不止这一副名画。达芬奇以人文和科学兼备的专注影响着文艺复兴初期的艺术，并用他至今无人能模仿的晕染技艺掀起了一场革命。
'Cezanne is the father of us all.'This famous quote has been attributed to both Picasso and Matisse, and certainly it does not matter who actually said it, because in either case would be appropriate. While he exhibited with the Impressionist painters, Cezanne left behind the whole group and developed a style of painting never seen so far, which opened the door for the arrival of Cubism and the rest of the vanguards of the twentieth century.
“塞尚是我们所有人之父。”有人说这句话出自毕加索，也有人说是马蒂斯说的。当然谁说了这句话并不重要，因为在两种情况下这话都有道理。塞尚虽然参加了印象派的首次画展，但他最终把这一流派抛在身后，发展出一种前所未有的作画风格，为其后立体派和其它先锋派别在20世纪的崛起打开了一扇大门。
The fascination in Rembrandt's work seem to reflect his own life, moving from fame to oblivion. Rembrandt is the great master of Dutch painting, along with Velazquez, the main figure of 17th century European painting. He is a great master of self-portrait and an artist who never showed any mercy depicting himself.
伦勃朗画作中对光与影的迷人运用，似乎也是他个人起伏身世的折射——从少年成名到穷困潦倒。伦勃朗是荷兰绘画史上的顶尖大师，他和委拉斯开兹是17世纪欧洲画坛的两面旗帜。此外，伦勃朗还是有史以来最擅长画自画像的大师，他对描绘自己从来都是乐此不疲。
Along with Rembrandt, Velazquez is one of the summits of Baroque painting. But unlike the Dutch artist, the Sevillian painter spent most of his life in the comfortable but rigid courtesan society. Nevertheless, Velazquez was an innovator, a 'painter of atmospheres' two centuries before Turner and the Impressionists, which is shown in his colossal 'royal paintings' ('Meninas', 'The Forge of Vulcan'), but also in his small and memorable sketches of the Villa Medici.
委拉斯开兹和伦勃朗是巴洛克绘画的两座高峰，但这位塞维利亚画家的境遇与荷兰大师毫不相同，他在舒适而刻板的社交界度过了生命中的大部分时光。然而，委拉斯开兹是一位创新者，早在印象派代表人物特纳之前两个世纪，他就被誉为“描绘氛围的画家”。委拉斯开兹的这种才华主要展现在他尺幅庞大的“皇家画作”（如《宫女》和《伏尔甘的熔炉》）中，但在他以梅迪奇别墅为主题的那些流传后世的小尺幅素描中也有体现。
Although the title of 'father of abstraction' has been assigned to several artists, from Picasso to Turner, few painters could claim it with as much justice as Kandinsky. Many artists have succeeded in painting emotion, but very few have changed the way we understand art. Wassily Kandinsky is one of them.
尽管从毕加索到特纳等多位艺术家享有“抽象派之父”的称誉，但很少有哪位画家比康定斯基更有资格享受这一称号。许多画家在描绘情感方面取得了成功，但很少有人能改变我们理解绘画艺术的方式，康定斯基做到了这一点。
The importance of Monet in the history of art is sometimes 'underrated', as art lovers tend to see only the overwhelming beauty that emanates from his canvases, ignoring the complex technique and composition of the work (a 'defect' somehow caused by Monet himself, when he declared that 'I do not understand why everyone discusses my art and pretends to understand, as if it were necessary to understand, when it is simply necessary to love'). However, Monet's experiments, including studies on the changes in an object caused by daylight at different times of the day; and the almost abstract quality of his 'water lilies', are clearly a prologue to the art of the twentieth century.
莫内在艺术史上的重要地位往往被低估了，艺术爱好者们往往只看到他作品中散发的那种无可抗拒的美，却忽视了其中的复杂技巧和构图。（这多少也怪莫内本人，他曾经说过：“我不明白为什么大家讨论我的作品时都会装出一副很理解的样子，好像他们必须理解，其实他们需要表现出的仅仅是喜欢。”）然而，莫内所做的实验，包括研究一天内不同时段日光下物体的变化，以及《睡莲》中那种接近抽象的画法，都为20世纪的艺术拉开了序幕。
The tough and violent Caravaggio is considered the father of Baroque painting, with his spectacular use of lights and shadows. Caravaggio’s chiaroscuro became so famous that many painters started to copy his paintings, creating the 'Caravaggisti' style.
坚强而狂野的卡拉瓦乔把光与影运用得出神入化，被视为“巴洛克绘画之父”。卡拉瓦乔的明暗对比风格是如此出名，许多画家都临摹他的作品，并称之为“卡拉瓦乔风格”。
Turner is the best landscape painter of Western painting.Whereas in the beginning, he had been an academic painter, Turner was slowly but unstoppably evolving towards a free, atmospheric style, sometimes even outlining the abstraction, which was misunderstood and rejected by the same critics who had admired him for decades.
特纳是西方绘画史上最优秀的风景画家，尽管他的绘画之路是从学院派开始，但之后他就缓慢而执著地朝着更加崇尚自由和氛围的画风演变，有时甚至触碰到了抽象主义的边界。对于这一点，有些几十年来崇拜特纳的评论家不是误解，就是拒绝接受。
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