非谓语动词是指在句中不充当谓语的动词形式。
非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)
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专题六 非谓语动词
一、不定式的作用
1. 作主语
不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。
//例句//
It took us two hours to finish the job.
It is impossible for us to get there on time.
It is very kind of you to help us.
//注意//
(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。
(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is …to…的句型。
试比较:
It is to negate my own idea to believe him.(错)
To believe him is to negate my own idea .(对)
(3)It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用 for.
2. 作宾语
(1)动词+不定式
//例句//
He managed to escape from the fire.
I find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)
//注意//
下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等
(2)动词+疑问词+to
“特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。
//例句//
I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
I can’t decide when to go there.
//注意//
不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。如:
I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
3. 作宾语的补足语
(1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。
//例句//
He warned me to be careful.
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so?(不带to的不定式)
//注意//
可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:
ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage
(2)表见解、看法的动词结构可为:
动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。
//例句//
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)
(3) There +不定式。
//例句//
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
//注意//
有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider。
(3)在动词
feel (一感),
hear, listen to(二听),
have, let, make(三让),
notice, see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。
//例句//
They saw the boy fall off the tree.
The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
( 4 ) help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
//例句//
I often help him (to)clean the room.
I helped him (to) find his things.
4. 作定语
不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。
//例句//
I have a lot of work to do.(动宾关系)
He is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系)
He is the first person to think of the idea.(主谓关系)
He has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)
//注意//
1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。
//例句//
Do you have anything else to say?
2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。
//例句//
I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字)
I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)
5.作状语
表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,
如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。
(1)做目的状语
to, only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…(如此···以便···)
例句:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
He came to the school to see his son.
(2)作结果状语
表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
//例句//
He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
(3)做原因状语。
//例句//
We were very excited to hear the news.
I’m glad to see you.
(4)做条件状语。
//例句//
To turn to the left , you could find a post office.
6.作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,构成表语。
//例句//
The question is how to put it into practice.
My question is when to leave.
His dream is to be a doctor.
Her work is to look after the babies.
//注意//
1.不定式在句中作表语时,对应的谓语动词用单数。
2.当助于是不定式时,表语不能用Ving形式,可用不定式。
//例句//
To see is to believe. (眼见为实)
7.独立结构
//例句//
To tell you the truth, I don’t agree with you.
To make matters worse, it began to rain.
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