外语教师联盟每周一
“专项语法难题探微”栏目
（可在文末查看往期知识点）
本期第四个知识点
谓语
第七讲
并列表语结构的理解和分析
连系动词be的表语最为常见的是一个单词、一个短语或一个从句。
但有时我们可以见到,在连系动词be后由and，both...and，or等并列连接词连接的两个对等的成分同时用作连系动词be的表语;有时在两个对等成分之间不用连接词,而只用逗号分隔,但它们仍处在一个并列的位置上。
此类现象统称为并列表语。 这类表语一般都比较长,其后常可能分别带有定语或状语。这类并列表语结构在科技英语和文学作品中都比较常见。
A
并列形容词(短语)作表语.
例如:
The information can be qualitative，as from photogeology，or Quantitative，as provided by various, forms of photogrammetry.
这种资料可以是定性的,如由摄影地质学取得的资料;也可以是定量的,如各种形式的摄影测量所提供的资料。
It is the writer's belief that perfection of the program is both diffcult of attainment and unlikely to yield significantly improved results，having regard to the reliability of the underlying data.
作者认为,使这一程序完善,既很难做到,也未必产生明显改善的结果,因为这同基础数据的可靠性有关。
以上第一例是由or连接的两个形容词(即qualitative和quantitative)并列作表语,每个后面均跟有as引导的状语;第二例是由both……and连接两个形容词短语作表语,后跟分词短语作原因状语。
B
并列名词短语作表语
例如:
A logical method is a method of reasoning about the phenomena being studied，a method of drawing inferences from the conditions under which they occur，so as to interpret them as accurately as possible.
逻辑方法是对所研究的现象进行推理的方法,是根据现象存在的条件而做出推断,从而尽可能精确地解释这些现象。
It is a world that is completely and utterly dead，a sterile mountainous waste on which during the day the sun blazes down with great heat，but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth.
这是一个完全死寂的世界,一个不毛的,多山的荒凉地带。在这里,白天太阳火焰般地照射,而漫长的夜里又是那样的酷冷,远远超过地球上有过的任何严寒。
以上两个例句都用名词性短语作表语,它们都没用连接词,而是用逗号分隔。尽管每一例句中的两个名词短语都处于并列的位置,但后一个均是前一个的同位语，起不充说明的作用。
总体来说,第一句中是两个以method为中心何的名词短语作并列表语,但后一个method短语是前一个的同位语,so as to是状语。
第二句是两个分别以world和waste为中心词的名词短语作并列表语,后者是前者的同位语。 前者带有 that号|导的定语从句,后者带有but连接的两个定语从句,后一从间带有so……that引导的结果从句。
C
并列的介词短语作表语
例如:
The carrying capacity of the piles may be due to the frictional resistance of the ground against the sides of the piles，in cases where the strength of the ground does not materially increase with depth：or to the strong bearing layer to which the points of the piles reach，in which case they transmit the load from the soft strata above to the bearing stratum.
基桩之所以具有承载能力,在土壤强度不随深度增加而显著提高的情况下,是由于土壤和基桩侧面之间的摩擦作用;另外则是由于桩底伸到的那一层有很大的承载能力;在这后一种情况下,基桩把载荷由松散的上层传到承压层。
这一句是由两个成语介词due to引导的短语,并列作表语。第二个成语介词省略了due。
第一个短语带有状语in cases……;第二个短语后跟有限制性定语从句“to which…”说明layer,和非限制性定语从句“in which…”说明整个短语。
D
并列的非限定动词短语作表语
例如:
The usual method of studying the performance of process equipment is to set up an ideal operation as a standard，compare the characteristics of the actual equipment with those of the ideal unit，and account for the difference between the two.
研究加工设备性能的常用方法是:确定一种理想的作业为标准,然后以实际设备的特性同理想设备的特性进行比较,最后说明两者的差异。
Another of the laser beam's properties is its being intermittent instead of being continuous like the ordinary light.
激光束的另一特性是:它是间断的，不像普通光那样是连续的。
以上第一例是一个to带三个开列不定式短语用作表语,后两个不定式短语前省去了不定式符号to;第二例是由成语介词in stead of (有连接词的作用)连接两个并列的动名词短语作表语,后一个动名词短语有状语like the ordinary light 修饰。
E
并列从句作表语
例如:
What must astonish you is that these products are inferior and their prices are high as well.
使你感到吃惊的是这些产品质量低劣,而且价钱又高。
The employer's conception was that the workers had no democratic rights whatever，that they were only a somewhat different kind of slave and should work from early morning until late at night for a wage barely enough to keep body and soul together.
雇主的想法是:工人根本没有任何民主权利可言,他们只是一种变相的奴隶;他们为了一点勉强糊口的工资,就应该从清早一直工作到深夜。
以上第一例是由and…as well 连接的两个that从句作并列表语,第二个分句前省去了连词 that;第二例也是两个并列的that从句作表语,无连词连接,只是用逗号分隔,第二个that从句含有由and连接的一个并列谓语。
有时可用两种不同词性的短语作并列表语。以下一句中是由形容词比较级more important和介词短语of wider usefulness 并列作表语,两者共一个比较状语从句“than...'。
例如:
Their ability to explore a much wider range of possible approaches to a problem and their ability to simulate a system are more important and of wider usefulness than it is their ability to perform more rapidly the same computations now being done by hand.
它们对一个课题能在广阔得多的范围内探索其各种可能的计算法,并能模拟一种系统,这要比它们能更迅速地完成现在用手工完成的演算更为重要、更为有用。
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