雅思考高分，少了定语从句可还行
定语(attribute)是什么？顾名思义，就是用来修饰、限定某个名词或代词的。
如a beautiful girl、an old man中的beautiful和old。
那么定语从句(attributive clause)从何而来呢？下面，我们来合并两个句子：
The beautiful girl is Herbert’s girlfriend. She is talking with my mother.
合并之后：The beautiful girl who is talking with my mother is Herbert’s girlfriend.
在本句中，红色部分就是一个定语从句， 它的特点是(1)是个句子，(2)放在被修饰的成分之后，充当定语。通常，被修饰的词被叫先行词，所以，the beautiful girl就是先行词。
关于定语从句，先讲四个重点。
1 Relative pronouns(关系代词)
我们用
◊ who来指人：
Please welcome Mike Bowers, who is going to talk to us about how to look after your home.
◊ which来指物：
These are dangerous if you live in a flat which is in a large high-rise buildings.
◊ that来指人或物：
Find someone that can check on your home while you’re away.
Store away any objects that could become damaging missiles.
在英语口语中，that常替代who，which，并且更常见。
◊ where来指地方：
This is your home,the place where you keep your most treasured possessions.
◊ when来指时间：
Programme them to come on at times when you would normally be home.
◊ whose来表达所有：
You’re a person whose job involves a lot of travel.
He lives in an old house,whose roof needs repairing.
注意：whose=of whom/which
例:He lives in an old house,of which the roof needs repairing.
He lives in an old house,the roof of which needs repairing.
◊ why在the reason或reasons后面：
There are often very good reasons why one house is burgled and another is not.
2 Defining attributive clauses(限定性定语从句)
当关系代词指的是从句中的宾语时，可以省略。比较：
Maybe there’s a neighbour (that) you can ask.(neighbour是从句中ask的宾语)
In the evening,a house that’s very dark can really stand out.(house是从句中的主语，此时that不可以省略。)
3 Non-defining attributive clauses(非限定性定语从句)
非限定性定语从句的特点是在关系词前面有逗号，试比较：
句1：I applied to the university,which is located in the center of the city.(非限定性)
句2：I applied to the university which is located in the center of the city.(限定性)
那么，区别在哪呢？
非限定性定语从句给出的是事物的额外的、非根本性的信息。即，句1中暗指市中心只有一所大学，而它的位置是额外的补充信息，并不起限定作用。而句2中暗指还有别的大学，不是在市中心，此时便起到限定作用。
非限定性定语从句在书面英语中比口语中更为常用。
*注意
1：非限定定语从句中关系代词不可以省略， 不可以使用that。
The burglars got in through the kitchen window,that the owners had forgotten to shut.×
The burglars got in through the kitchen window,which the owners had forgotten to shut.√
2：关系代词which可以指代整个从句:
Mary has fallen in love with Jerry,which all of us know.此句中，which指代整个前半句的内容。
4 Prepositions(介词)
当介词用于定语从句的时候，在口语中他们通常出现在从句的结尾：
You may have a neighbour that you can rely on.
在正式文体中，介词可以置于关系代词which或whom前：
I was successful in obtaining a place at any of the universities to which i applied.
My boss,for whom i have worked for over 30 years,has decided to retire.
在雅思中的应用
Speaking
雅思口语话题频繁涉及人物、地点、物品、事件四大类，灵活使用定语从句可以起到“包装”作用。
常用句式有：
①···is the kind of (person/place/thing) who (which/that) is···
②···is a (person/place) who(which) gives you the impression of being···
③···is one of the most(形容词/名词) I have even seen/met/known.
④···is the place where you can do sth.
⑤···is the day(occasion/time) when you do sth.
下列原句是考试时很多学生容易脱口而出的，其缺陷是过于简短，不能体现语法优势，也不能凑字数争取时间，而套用句型后表达效果就明显不一样了。
1.原句：He is truly helpful.
改成：He is the kind of guy who is truly helpful.
2.原句：Suzhou is ancient but also modern.
改成：Suzhou is the kind of city which gives you the impression of being both ancient and modern.
3.原句：This film is interesting.
改成：This is the most interesting films i have ever seen.
4.原句：On the weekend,i relax myself by reading
改成：weekends are the time when I relax myself by reading.
Listening
定语从句在听力中也是抬头不见低头见的，尤其是在答案附近的关键信息处，这种考点通常是把题目和音频中对应的内容进行结构转换，即把前置定语转换成定语从句，难点就在这里，需要烤鸭们在听音时注意识别。
Q24对应的音频：but students pay an annual fee that’s much less than the general pay.
解析：在读题时记住关键词reduced，听音时发现much less than这里与之意思相近，这个从句对应的就是前置定语reduced，因为它所在的定语从句是修饰annual fee的，所以答案就是annual fee。
在这里提醒一下，有同学抱怨考试时走神儿，就拿本道题来说，当你听到much less的时候可能前面说的答案早已擦肩而过，这时的对策就是，在读题时注意fitness center这个定位词，一旦听到它，就要聚精会神，后面的随时都是重点啊。。。
Reading
对于阅读考试，很多同学的想法就是“背背单词，或者学一下做题技巧就可以了”，的确，这两方面很重要，不过，把语法知识融会贯通可以让我们在做题时更加得心应手。
下面，我们来看一个例子：
Q39：The sense of smell may involve response to_______which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.(剑8test2)
对应的原文：researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two-one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air.
分析一下题目，就会发现空格处由后面的定语从句修饰，应该填一个名词，而且从do可以判断出要填一个名词的复数，在原文中只有researchers和chemicals，而which这个关系代词又只能指物，所以答案就是chemicals。
换个方式来看，拼词汇量的话，假设认识odourless，很快就可以判断出它对应的就是which do not smell，于是答案就锁定到odourless后面的chemicals，这样就有100%的把握了对不对。
在阅读中类似的例子数不胜数，当你开始注意到这些语法的妙用之后，就会一发不可收拾，屡试不爽呢。
Writing
定语从句是语法内容中的一大核心部分，也是雅思写作中不容错过的亮点之处。一个恰到好处的定语从句，不仅能显著地彰显写作者的实力，体现出对整体句子较为精确的掌控能力，并且增强句子的紧凑感。
那么，怎样巧用定语从句加分呢？我们对比下面两个句子：
句1：People are becoming fatter and so people’s health is getting worse.
句2：Individuals who consume a large amount of junk food, which contains imbalanced proportions of salt , fat and carbohydrate are at risk of becoming overweight and so general health is deteriorating.
暂不说词汇，显而易见，句2高明之处归功于who和which引导的定语从句，补充了这个现象的原因，不但限定了哪类人更容易发胖，而且科学地解释了junk food，有理有据的表明了观点，像这样多实少虚的写法，定会给考官留下深刻印象，高分自然就会青睐于你。
观察范文，不难发现，定语从句也深受考官喜爱：
A young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world.By contrast，those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places，have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on.
这种在对比论证中加入定语从句的用法，是不是很机智呢，不但字数多了，而且论证也很丰满了，考官想不给高分都难呢！
其实，雅思辩论类大作文写作中，这种“做对比”和“定语从句”的嵌套无处不在，例如“学音乐课，美术课的学生···”对比“只学学术类课程的学生···”，再如“跟着老师学习的学生···”对比“接受远程教育的学生···”，或者“有完善基础设施的城市···”对比“相对落后的乡村···”等等，不胜枚举。怎么样？！是不是非常好用的一款神器！
最后，希望在备考时童鞋们多动脑，多领悟，高分，你值得拥有！
联系客服
