雕刻技巧 Sheli
自然界的老树，经过风雪雷电和病虫害的摧残，有些枝干的全部或部分枯萎，其树皮剥落，露出木质部，通常称作“舍利干”。 An aged tree or a part of a tree that may die, with its wood free of bark or weathered by extreme conditions such as snow, wind, thunder, and lightning or branches are called sheli in Chinese penjing, or shari in Japanese bonsai.
在盆景创作中，有时运用雕刻的手法，对某些枝干的全部或局部去皮，模仿自然界的“舍利干”，形成生与死的强烈对比，提高作品的观赏价值。这种“舍利干”的手法，主要用于一些木质坚硬、不易腐烂的树种，特别是松柏类。“舍利干”对于古树特点的表现，具有很好的效果。 Sheli can be created by chiseling or removing a part of bark of the trunk or branch of a tree. The unusual combination of dead areas contrasting with small signs of life is artistically compelling. Sheli is often carved into arresting shapes in trees such as pines and junipers, whose firm wood do not decompose easily.
创作“舍利干”，首先要找好树木的正面。一般从正面要能看到吸水线缠绕伴着白色舍利扭转变化，不可全部只见“舍利”。 Usually, a sheli penjing has a stretch of sheli, or dead wood, running in a zigzag manner in the front of the wood, but accompanied with living veins.
吸水线的位置影响树姿将来的发展，雕刻之前应仔细反复构思，考虑吸水线的方向在何处扭转，以何种角度扭转，并用粉笔在干上划出吸水线，再按图索骥，用利刀把吸水线划清楚，然后再去除树皮。刀口要平整，伤口才能较快愈合。初作时吸水线可留得稍宽，待愈合后再修小。 As the living veins move water and nutrients between the roots and branches located higher in the tree, their movements decide the future shape of the tree. Before you start removing the bark, draw the desired shape of the living part on the trunk with chalk. Then proceed with removing the bark with a sharp scalpel. It is important that all the edges of the veins are cut clean and straight, which helps the tree in healing. You may want to start with a narrow strip of bark, which you can widen in stages.
对于需要全部去皮的枝条，可先剪掉树叶，然后用刀和钳子去除树皮， 再加以雕刻，形成自然的枯枝。
When the whole bark of abranch needs to be removed, take leave the leaves first. Remove the bark with ascalpel and pliers. This is followed with the process of carving it intonatural-looking dead wood.
雕刻时应顺着树木木质部的纹理，最好将纤维撕下来，那样更为自然。雕刻中尽量去除白色松软的部分，留住坚硬的褐色木质。
Carving should be conductedby tearing off the fiber along the grain of the tree and the inner bark, thusit will look more natural. The cambium cell layer and sapwood should also beremoved.
对于粗大的枝干，也可用雕刻机进行粗雕，再用雕刻刀细雕或手撕，最后用砂纸将雕刻后的木质部表面刀痕稍稍打磨，消除人工痕迹。
An engraving machine mayhelp to make it easier to carve those thick and large branches before graversare used for detailed carving. Then use sandpaper to remove the tool marks sothat it is natural-looking.
雕刻“舍利干”，需要去除一些皮层和木质部，一旦发生错误将无法恢复，因此务必要认真细致，切不可鲁莽行事。雕刻时期要避免在炎热的夏季操作，以免影响树木生长。最好在冬季树木休眠时进行。
Onlyproceed with carving the tree when you are sure of your design, because theremoved bark can never be undone. The best time to create a sheli penjing iswhen tree is at its dormant state, rather than in summer when the tree growsfast.
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