Lesson 28 自学导读First things first

　　课文详注 Further notes on the text

　　1．Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. 贾斯珀·怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。

　　在第21课的课文详注中，我们曾经提到“one of +名词／代词”这个结构，of后面的名词必须是复数，但与这个结构连用的动词必须是单数：

　　One of your friends is waiting for you now.

　　你的一位朋友正在等你。

　　课文中who代指的是one of those rare people，所以动词用believes。

　　2．… but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.………但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了摩擦。

　　ever since的语气比since强，表示“从那以后一直，，主句一般用完成时：

　　I've been interested in flying ever since I was a boy.

　　自从我的孩提时代起，我就对飞行一直感兴趣。

　　He left the village last year and has never returned ever since.

　　他去年离开了这座村庄，从那以后一直没有回去过。

　　3．Jasper has put up‘No Parking’ signs outside his gate…贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外边……

　　put up在这里表示“挂起”、“竖起”等意思。

　　4．Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.

　　贾斯珀希望她把汽车和司机们都变成石头。

　　（1）she指的是蛇发女怪美杜莎。根据希腊神话，凡看她一眼的人都会变成石头。

　　（2）turn在这儿的意思是“把……变成”，是及物动词：

　　They have turned the famous beauty spot to/into an ugly place.

　　他们把那著名的风景胜地变成了一个丑陋的地方。

　　语法 Grammar in use

　　1．现在完成时

　　在第4课的语法中我们讲过与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语，其中包括before（now），so far， up to／till now，just，already，now，ever，never等；还讲过有些用现在完成时的句子不需要任何表示时间的词。注意以下句子：

　　This is one of the worst photos I've ever taken.

　　这是我照过的最差的相片之一。

　　What a good film!

　　这电影真好！

　　Yes, I've never seen such a good film before.

　　是的，我从来没看过这么好的电影。

　　How many times have you had that dream?

　　那个梦你做过几次？

　　I've had it three times so far.

　　迄今为止我已做过3次。

　　除了这些词以外，since和for也常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。since一般与一个时间点连用，for一般与一个时间段连用：

　　How long have y0u been a doctor?

　　你当医生有多久了？

　　I've been a doctor since 1989.

　　自1989年以来我一直是个医生。

　　How long have you worked at the library?

　　你在图书馆工作多久了？

　　I've worked at the library for a week.

　　我来图书馆工作已经一星期了。

　　I've lived here since 1980.

　　自1980年起我就住在这儿。

　　I've lived here for five years.

　　我已在这里住了5年了。

　　2．关系从句（Relative clauses）及关系代词（Relative pronouns）

　　在第1册第121～124课中，我们已接触到关系从句。关系从句又可称为定语从句或形容词从句，它像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。关系从句可分为 限定性（defining）关系从句（不带逗号）和非限定性（non-defining）关系从句（带逗号）。我们在这里只讨论限定性关系从句。

　　可以用来表示人的关系代词有who，whom和that以及所有格形式whose，口语中whom经常由who代替。用来表示事物和动物的关系代词有 which和that。不论这些关系代词指的是单数还是复数，其形式都保持不变。关系代词在关系从句中作宾语时往往可以省略，作主语时则不可以：

　　This is the photo (that/which) I took.

　　这是我拍的照片。（the photo为took的宾语，that/which代替the photo，可省略）

　　The man (who/whom) I served was wearing a hat.

　　我接待的那个人戴着一顶帽子。（who／whom为served的宾语，可省略）

　　The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.

　　接待我的是站在柜台后面的那位女士。（who为关系从句的主语，不可省）

　　I bought the books which are on the counter.

　　我买的就是柜台上的那些书。（which为关系从句的主语，不可省）

　　The millionaire whose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kind father.

　　有个儿子一周前从家里逃走的那位百万富翁不是个慈父。

　　（whose在关系从句中作定语，不可省）

　　The girls who are standing behind the counter served us.

　　接待我们的是站在柜台后面的那几位姑娘。（who代替复数名词the girls，形式不变）

　　1．believe与believe in

　　动词believe的含义为“相信”、“认为”：

　　Do you believe that cats eat grass?

　　你相信猫吃草吗？

　　Are they at home?

　　他们在家吗？

　　I believe so.

　　我认为在。

　　believe in可以表示“信仰”、“相信……的存在”、“相信……的价值”：

　　I believe in God.

　　我信仰上帝。

　　He believes in ancient myths.

　　他相信古代神话。

　　这个短语还可以表示“信赖（人格、力量等）”：

　　I've never believed in John.

　　我从没有信赖过约翰。

　　试比较：

　　I believe him.

　　我相信他（的话）。（=I believe his words.）

　　2．because与 because of

　　because只能作连词用，后面接从句：

　　You can't remember his name, because you aren't really thinking.

　　你想不起他的名字是因为你没有真正努力去想。

　　I want to go home now, because I'm tired.

　　现在我想回家，因为我累了。

　　because of是介词短语，后面不可以跟从句，只能跟名词或代词。它既可以位于句首，也可以位于句子中间：

　　Because of the rain, we have to stay at home.

　　因为下雨，我们不得不呆在家里。

　　Because of you, we have to put the meeting off.

　　因为你的缘故，我们已把会议推迟了。

　　He came back early because of the rain.

　　由于下雨，所以他回来得早。

　　He is absent today because of his father's illness.

　　由于他父亲的病，他今天缺席。

　　3．can与 be able to

　　can表示天生的或学到的能力时，只能用于现在时和过去时（could），而不可用于将来时。将来时中表示能力时必须用be able to。在现在时和过去时中，can/could与be able to一般可以互换，在完成时中一般用be able to：

　　He has never been able to get his own car into his garage.

　　他从来都没能把自己的车开进车库。（现在完成时）

　　I'll be able to pass my driving test after I've had a few lessons.

　　我上几次课后就能通过驾驶考试。（一般将来时）





Lesson 28 No parking　

　　课文内容：What is Jasper White's problem?

　　Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. he has just bought a new housein the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. Itis one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he toldme that it was Medusa, the Gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. Butnone of them has been turned to stone yet!

　　语法归纳：

　　定语从句一句话总结：在句中起定语作用，修饰某一个名词或代词的从句。定语从句中被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引出。关系代词在定语从句中多充当主语、定语、宾语等成分;关系副词在定语从句中只能作状语。

　　关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that

　　who主格，先行词是人，在从句中一般作主语;

　　whom宾语，先行词是人，在从句中一般作宾语;

　　whose属格，用来指人或物，在从句中作定语;

　　which,先行词是事物，在从句中可作主语、宾语;

　　that可指人和物，在从句中可作主语、宾讲。

　　关系副词：when, where, why

　　when 指时间，先行词常用day, time, moment, occasion, week, month等;

　　where 指地点，先行词常用place, room, spot, city, country等;

　　why指原因，先行词常用reason。

　　例：She is one of the students who is going to take the examination.她是马上就要参加考试的学生之一。

　　I know the boy whose girlfriend is very nice.我认识那个有漂亮女朋友的男孩。

　　A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.用铅笔写的信读起来很费劲。

　　The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。

　　He still remembers the day when he went to school.他依然记得他上学的那一天。

　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句。限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，如果去掉句子剩下的部分就会失去意义，句子不能成立或意思表达不淸楚。非限制定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词进一步的说明，去掉之后句子其他部分的意思仍然完整。

　　1) The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(如果去掉“which flows through London”，句子仍完整。)

　　2) This book was left by John, who was here an hour ago.这本书是约翰留下的，他一小时前来过。(如果去掉“who was here an hour ago”，句子仍完整。)

　　逐句精讲：

　　1.Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.

　　贾斯珀•怀特是为数不多的信奉古代神话的人之一。

　　语言点1 “one of +复数名词”的用法：

　　1)当“one of +复数名词”在句子中充当主语时，实际主语是one，紧跟其后的谓语动词一定用单数形式。

　　One of my students is a lawyer.我的一个学生是律师。

　　2)当“one of +复数名词”后加定语从句时，因为定语从句的关系代词所修饰的先行词不是one，而是of后面的复数名词，所以从句的谓语动词一定用复数形式。

　　Our organization is just one of many charities that are providing famine relief in the region.我们的组织仅仅是为这个饥荒地区提供救济的慈善组织之一。

　　3)要注意，当one前有the，thevery，the only等修饰限制时，从句中的谓语动词一定要用单数。

　　She is the only one of the students who has already learnt Spanish.她是这些学生中唯一一个曾学过西班牙语的人。

　　语言点2 believe in sth. / sb.信奉、相信某物/某人：

　　believe in Christ信奉基督教

　　believe in God 信仰上帝

　　believe in ghosts 相信鬼神

　　believe in Buddhism 信奉佛教

　　2.He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.

　　他刚在城里买了一所新房子，但自从他搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了摩擦。 语言点1 just常用于现在完成时态中，请参考Lesson5。

　　语言点2 in the city = in the downtown在市中心，在城里

　　相关表达：in the suburb在郊区;in the border land在边疆

　　I live in the suburb of Beijing and work in the city.我住在北京郎区，而在城里工作， 语言点3 have troublewith sth. / sb.和某物/某人有摩擦

　　Mr. Green always has trouble with his neighbours.格林先生总是和他的邻居们闹纠纷。

　　语言点4 move in迁入;move out迁出;move over挪动一下，腾出空位

　　3.when he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside hisgate.

　　当他夜里回到家时，总会发现有人把车停在了他家的大门外。

　　语言点 “动词+ home”中间一般不需加介词：return home返回家中;go home回家;leave home离开家，但stay at home (待在家中)为一个例外。

　　比较学习：home, house, family, household

　　home一个居所以及居于其中的家庭或社会单位;

　　house主要指建筑物和住宅;

　　family 一般侧重指家庭成员;

　　household指住在一起的家庭成员及其他非亲属(如仆人)所组成的家庭单位。

　　4. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.

　　因此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。

　　语言点1 总结表达“原因”：

　　1) because +从句

　　I came late, because it was raining outside.因为外面下雨了，所以我来晚了。

　　2) because of +名词性短语

　　I came late because of traffic jam.因为塞车，所以我来晚 了。

　　3) For +名词性短语/从句

　　For some reason, it came into use.因为某种原因，它开始投入使用了。

　　4) due to +名词性短语

　　My illness was due to terrible food.我生病是因为吃了变质的食物造成的。

　　5) thanks to +名词性短语

　　It was thanks to John that we won the game.多亏了约翰，我们才赢了这场比赛。

　　6) owing to +名词性短语

　　They could not cross the river owing to the flood.由于洪水，他们不能过河。

　　深入总结：

　　1) because引导的从句可以放在句末或句中，而for引导的句子不能放在句中，

　　2) 在回答why的提问句时，只能用because回答，而不能用for回答。

　　3) because可以与 not...but...连用，而for不可以与 not...but...连用。

　　例：I did it not because I liked it but I had to do it.我做这件事不是因为喜欢做，而是不得不做。

　　(×) I did it not for I liked it but I had to do it.(错误)

　　语言点2 比较学习：

　　drive car into somewhere.把车撞进某地，撞车

　　get car into somewhere.把车开进某地

　　原句替换用词：

　　He has not been able to drive his own car into his garage even once.

　　他甚至一次也没有成功地把他的车撞进车库里。(本句与原句意思迥然不同。)

　　5.Jasper has put up ‘No Parking, signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.

　　贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在他的门外，但没有任何效果。

　　语言点1 put up意为“挂起，竖起”。

　　语言点2 have not any effect = have no effect 没有任何效果

　　原句还可改为：Jasper has put up ‘No Parking’ signs outside his gate, but these have had no effect (本句的效果没有用have not had any effect好。)

　　6. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate.

　　现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边。

　　语言点1 put sth. over somewhere把某物放、摘在某处的上面

　　语言点2 an ugly stone head 一个丑陋的石雕头像

　　7.It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.

　　这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。

　　语言点1 经典句型：形容词最高级/the only+名词+ that引导定语从句(完成时态)

　　这个句型结构的特点有三个：

　　1) 主句中有形容词的最高级或表示唯一的词，从句是由that引导的定语从句，that作从句中宾语时可省略。

　　2) 主句和定语从句的时态呼应：

　　主句用一般现在时，宛语从句则用现在完成时;

　　主句用一般过去时,定语从句則用过去宪成时。

　　3) 定语从句中常有ever(曾经)放在have/had与过去分词之间用来加强语气。

　　语言点2 ...I have ever seen我曾经见过的……

　　..I have ever done我曾经做过的

　　...I have ever heard我曾经听说过的

　　例：This is the most difficult problem I have ever worked out.这是我曾经做过的最难的一道题。

　　This is the most amusing story 1 have ever heard.这是我曾经听过的最好玩的一个故事。

　　8.I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.

　　我问他那是什么，他告诉我那是蛇发女怪美杜莎。

　　语言点1 What it was为ask的宾语从句。

　　语言点2 the Gorgon是Medusa的同位语。

　　9.Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.

　　贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。

　　语言点 turn...to/into…意为“把……变成……”。Tum表示变化，指通过某种方法或外力使某人或某物改变特定的性质、身份或外形。例：

　　Autumn turns the green leaves golden.秋天绿叶变成了金黄色。

　　The sky turned to pink at dawn. The night turned into day.天空在黎明时分变成了 粉红色。黑夜变成了白天。

　　10、But none of them has been turned to stone yet!

　　但到目前为止还没有一个人变成石头呢!

　　语言点 总结学习：

　　1) “none of +复数名词”作主语谓语动词用单复数形式均可：

　　None of the televisions if/are working.没有一台电视机不是坏的。

　　2) “either of +复数名词”作主语谓语动词常用单数：

　　Is either of the sisters coming?这姐妹俩有哪个要来吗?

　　3) “neither of+复数名词”作主语谓语动词用中单复数形式均可：

　　Neither of the twins is here,那对双胞场都不在这里。

　　Neither of us enjoy getting up early.我们俩谁也不喜欢早起。

　　4) “any of +复数名词”谓语动词一般多用单数，依上下文情况而定：

　　Have any of you actually seen UFO?你们中是不是有人确实看到过不明飞行物?