动词的时态是历年高考英语考查的热点,2012年对其考查也不例外。本文拟结合2012年高考英语动词时态真题,对其考查特点进行了归纳,并提出备考建议,以期对2013年英语备考有所启发。
一、考查有时间标志词时,动词时态在特定语境下的运用
[考例]
①(12辽宁)I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I_____ to Shanghai.
A. will be flying B. will fly C. have been flying D. have flown
②(12安徽)In order to find the missing child , villagers_____ all they can over the past five hours.
A. did B. do C. had done D. have been doing
③(12天津)The three of us_____ around Europe for about a month last summer.
A. travelled B. have travelled C. had travelled D. travel
【解析】①A。at this time tomorrow morning作时间状语,所以用将来进行时,选A项。
②D。over the past five hours 常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用,故选D。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”明显不正确。③A。last summer常与一般过去时连用,故选A。
【命题特点与备考策略】考题中有时直接给出充当时间状语的介词短语、副词或从句,让考生对动词时态作出选择,但有时虽然给出了时间状语,但此时的时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性,考生要具有逆向思维的能力。这就要求考生结合具体语境仔细判明所填动词的动作到底发生在现在、过去还是将来,是经常性、正在进行还是已完成。应熟记系列九种常用时态所对应的时间状语:
(1) 一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day,sometimes,every few years等。
(2) 现在进行时:now, right now(现在), at present, at this moment, these days,always等。
(3) 现在完成时:just(刚刚) recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in/during/over/for the past / last few years, for +一段时间, since +一段时间,by now,ever since,in the recent days,many times等。
(4) 现在完成进行时:for +一段时间, since +一段时间,every day over the last few months等。
(5) 一般过去时:the other day,then,at that time,yesterday, in the past, last night/year, after that, a year ago,just now(刚才),in 1980等。
(6) 过去进行时: at that time, at this time yesterday,at 6 p.m.yesterday,all the morning yesterday, then等。
(7) 过去完成时:before, by the end of last year,since+一段时间,for+一段时间等。
(8) 一般将来时:tomorrow, next year, in an hour, in the coming / following year,in the (near) future,next week,soon等。
(9)将来进行时:this time tomorrow, at 4 o’clock tomorrow afternoon等。
二、考查动词时态的代替用法
[考例]
①(12北京)By the time you have finished this book, your meal ______ cold.
A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting
②(12湖南)"The moment _____soon," he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
A. came B. has tome C. was coming D. is coming
③(12辽宁)Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I on Friday.
A. get paid B. got paid C. have paid D. had been paid
【解析】①B。这里的by the time引导时间状语从句是用现在完成时代替将来完成时,表示将来的动作,根据时间状语从句中的用将来时,主句用完成时的原则,应选B。 ②D。根据soon “很快”很容易断定是将来时,这里是直接引语,又因表示 “来、去、动身、启程等”谓语动词常用进行时表示将来的动作,故用is coming。③A。根据句意,讲话时pay的动作还未发生,且在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来,又I与pay之间是动宾关系,故选A
【命题特点与备考策略】命题者有时会对某些动词时态的代替作用进行考查,常见的考点有:1.在时间、让步或条件等状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时或现在完成时来代替将来完成时。2. 某些表示起始的动词(如:begin,come,go,leave,sail,start,arrive,return,dine,end,stop,depart,open,close,run out等)充当谓语时,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,此时一般表示该动作按照时刻表或规定等要发生的动作,这时句子中常有一个表示未来时间的状语。该类动词充当谓语,并表示计划、打算或安排时,常用现在进行时代替一般将来时。3.before和after引导时间状语从句,如果后发生的动作用过去时,先发生的动作既可以用过去完成时,也可以用一般过去式代替过去完成时。
三、考查动词时态在一些固定搭配结构的用法
[考例]
①(12湖南)Close the door of fear behind you, and you ____ the door of faith open before you.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing
②(12辽宁)Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he_____ something instead of just talking.
A. will do B. has done C. do D. did
【解析】①C。本结构是“祈使句+and+陈述句”。 本结构中的陈述句谓语动词常用will或can+动词原形。②D。在句型 “It’s high/ very time that…”中, 从句中的谓语动词用一般过去式或should +动词原形,故选D项。
【命题特点与备考策略】命题者往往利用固定结构考查考生们对时态的把握,因此在平时的英语学习中,同学们应该熟练掌握教材中出现的各种习惯搭配。应该牢记下列结构:Hardly/No sooner had sb. done when/than +从句(一般过去时);It / This is / was the first(second…) time+that从句(现在完成时/过去完成时);It will be/was + 一段时间+ before从句(一般现在时/一般过去时); It's time + (that)从句(一般过去时或should do);It is/was+最高级+名词+that从句(现在完成时/过去完成时); 主句(现在完成时)+ since从句(一般过去时);be doing /be about to do/had (just) done…when…; 祈使句+and/or+陈述句(谓语动词常用will/can等);I didn't recognize/realize/see /notice...(常用于对话中的应答语)等。
四、考查动词时态在主从句中的选择
[考例]
①(12山东)The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers ______.
A. will leave B. are leaving C. have left D. were leaving
②(12安徽)After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it .
A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated
【解析】①D。句意为:听到自己最信任的两个职员要离去,经理很关注。根据主从句时态一致原则,宾语从句中的谓语动词leave应用过去时,而且表达的是“要离去”之意,因此用leave过去进行式表示过去将要发生的动作。②D。only to be told 表示意外的结果,表明动作已经发生了,其后的宾语从句根据主从句时态一致原则,应用过去某种时态,又据题意可知,从句谓语动词decorate当时应正在发生,又题干中it 指代 the reading-room,所以只能用被动,故选D。
【命题特点与备考策略】近年来高考试题考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查。一般来讲,名词性从句时态常受主句谓语动词的时间的制约,主从句时态应保持一致。所以当主句中的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句的谓语不受主句谓语时态的影响,可根据句子的实际情况使用不同的时态。当主句中的谓语动词是过去时,从句的时态也是表示过去的时态,即:主从句动作同时发生,从句中的谓语动词多用一般过去时或过去进行时;若从句动作后于主句动作发生,从句动词多用过去将来时;若从句动作先于主句动作发生,从句动词多用过去完成时。当从句表示客观事实或真理时,其时态不受主句谓语时态的影响,而用一般现在时。注意:时态呼应原则不适用于状语从句和定语从句,它们应根据意义的需要来选用时态。
五、考查题干中只给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子时的谓语动词的选择
[考例]
①(12江西)―Look! Somebody ____the sofa..
―Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.
A. is cleaning B. was cleaning C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
②(12重庆)―Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong?
―Well, I a test and I’m waiting for the result.
A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take
③(12江苏)The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he________ some European partners.
A. would meet B. is meeting C. meets D. had met
【解析】①C。从后面的回答可以看出事情已经完成了,前面一句是着重谈对现在的影响,用现在完成时态。句意为:—看,有人已经清理了沙发。—恩,不是我,我没有做。 ②B。根据and后的句子可知,and前的分句应是“我参加了一个考试”,故用一般过去时。 ③D。根据句中is said to have arrived可知,arrive这个动作是在过去发生的,而meet的动作则在arrive的动作之前发生的,即在过去的过去发生的动作,所以用过去完成时,故选D。
【命题特点与备考策略】 近年来高考英语单项填空题对时态考查趋向情境化、实际化而无时间状语题目越来越多,这就要求同学们在做题时,不仅要充分挖掘关键词,寻找题干中所隐含的时间,而且还要具有辨别时间状语干扰的思维。不仅要使所填时态语法正确,而且要使句子意思通顺,合情合理。