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高考备考虚拟语气专题精讲(转)word免费版

  
  语气就是我们常说的说话人说话的口气。在汉语中,语气是由说话人说话的语调,情节等等表现出来的,动词不变。而在英语中,除了语调之外,最主要的是动词发生变化而表示不同的语气。
   在英语中语气分类为三类:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气。
   陈述语气: 我们把一句话作为对情况的叙述或询问说出来, 就用陈述语气,用于陈述句,疑问句和感叹句。
  祈使语气: 我提出劝告,请求,命令等时,要用于祈使语气。
   1. Don’t run! 别跑!
   2. Let’s not talk about it now. 咱们现在不谈论它。
   虚拟语气:如果我们所说的不是事实,也不是要求命令,劝告等。而上一种假设,愿望,建议或是一种难以实现的空想,就用虚拟语气。
   虚拟语气可用于条件句和其他一些从句中。
   一.用于条件句中。
   条件句可分两种: 一种是真实条件句, 另一种是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气,在真实条件句中,要用陈述语气。
  例如:
  1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句
  If you don’t hurry up, you will be late for class.如果你不快点,你将会迟到的。( 真实条件状语)(不是虚拟语气)
  If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你,我马上就会去。 (非真实条件状语从句)
  If there were no air, people would die.如果没有空气,人就会死亡。(非真实条件状语从句)
  2、用法及动词形式
  
   从句 主句
  与过去事实相反 if+主语+过去时+其他 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他
  与现在事实相反 if+主语+had done +其他 主语+should/would/could/might+havedone+其他
  与将来事实相反 ① if+主语+did/should/were to do
  ② if+主语+did/be(were) sth
  ③if+主语+should do 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他
  
   1、表示与现在事实相反的情况:
   1.If I were you, I would take anumbrella.如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你)
  2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)
  3..If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没带钱)
  4..If he studied harder, he might pass theexam.如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:学习不用功)
  
   2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
   1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her.如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了)
  2. If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such amistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)
  
  3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
   1. If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。 (事实:来的可能性很小)
  2. If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not goskating. 如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:不知能否下雪)
   3. If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her aboutthe matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。
  
  4、 错综时间条件句
  有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。
  ①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
  如: If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了
   If they had informed us, we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。
  ②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
  如: If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。
   If he knew her, he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
  ③ 从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反,而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。
   如: If it had not been raining too much, the crops would begrowing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话,庄家会长得更好。
   If he had been working hard, he would be working in the officenow. 要是他工作一直努力的话,他现在已进了办公室了。
  
  5、虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装
   当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if可以省略,这时,条件中的从句要用倒装语序,即将were,should, had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。
  如: Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。 (If she should agree to go there,……)
   Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。(If shewere here,)
  Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to workhere. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话,我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了。 (If he had learnt aboutcomputers,)
  
  6、含蓄条件句
  1,非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、分词短语、独立主格结构表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without,but for···等
   Without your instruction, I would not have made such greatprogress. 要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。(If you had not instructedme,)
  Having known in time, we could have stopped it.如果我们及时知道的话,我们可能会阻止它。(If we had known in time,)
  But for your help, I couldn’t have achieved anything.要不是你的鼎力相助,我不可能有所成就。 (If you had not helped me/If it had not beenfor your help,)
  
  2,用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构
  在条件从句中除最常见的连词if外,还有下列连词。 otherwise 否则,不然 but for(that) 要不是 unless除非 so long as 只要 in case 假如 on condition (that) 条件是……suppose/supposing (that) 假如 provided/ providing (that) 如果
  I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.上周我很忙,否则我会去看你的。(If I had not been busy last week, I would have cometo see you.)
  But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。 (Ifhe had not helped me,)
  We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would havetelephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。(If we had known histelephone number, we would have telephoned him.)
  
  3, 通过上下文来表示虚拟。这种情况下,要加以分析。
   I would have given you more money, but I was so poor then.那时我应该再多给你些钱,可是我那时太穷了。 (but引起的这一句子时在真实情况,不是虚拟。这句话写全应该是 I would havegiven you more money, if I was rich then. But I was so poorthen)
  
  7、 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
  ①省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。(从句如If he had not beenill,)
   You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。(从句如If you hadreviewed well,)
  ②省略主句
   If I were at home now. 要是我现在家里该多好啊。(主句如I could eat the deliciousfood my mother cooked.)
   If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。(主句如 I would visit the GrateWall.)
  
  二. 虚拟语气在一些从句中的用法。
   1. 宾语从句中的虚拟。
   a. 一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advise. suggest.propose)五要求(demand. require. request.desire.insist)中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:“should +动词原形”或只用“动词原形”
  He proposes that we (should) work out a plan first.他建议我们得先制定一个计划。
  I suggest that we (should) visit that school. 我建议我们参观那所学校。
  
  注: insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。
  如:He insists he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
   He insisted that they (should) show him theirpassports.他坚决要求他们向他出示护照。(虚拟语气,但他们没有向他出示护照。)
  注意; insist on sth/ doing sth
  · She insisted on leaving at once.她坚持立刻就走。
  suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
   如: His face suggests that he looks worried .他的表情暗含着他很担心。这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
   He suggested that she should leave the house at once.他建议她立刻离开这房子。(虚拟语气,她事实上还没有离开。)
  注意: suggest doing sth (不能跟不定式)
   He suggested going there at once. 他建议立即去那儿。
  b、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句
   a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式
  I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你)
   b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+done(动词过去分词)
  I wish I had known the truth of thematter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。(事实:原来不知道)
  c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词:should/would + 动词原形
  I wish I should have a chanceagain.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了)
   (注:if only和as if/as though也有相同用法)
  C. 一般would rather, had rather, wouldsooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为: 表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构 过去had + 过去分词; 现在 过去时(be 用were ) 将来 过去时(be 用were )
  I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday.
  我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 (与过去事实相反)
  I’d rather you were here now.
  我倒想你现在这儿。(与现在事实相反)
   We’d rather you went here tomorrow.
  我们倒想你明天去那儿。(与将来事实相反)
  
  2. 主语从句中虚拟
  表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、 important、impossible、 natural、strange 、surprising 、 funny 、 right、wrong. better、 a pity、ashame、no wonder、a honor等。
  句型:It is.......that 结构后的主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用 should(可省略)+原型或只用动词原型。
  It is a pity that you should miss a good chance. 真遗憾,你失去了这么好的机会。
  It is important that we should speak politely.说话要有礼貌,这是很重要的。
  It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist.没有必要使每个人都成为科学家。
  
  3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟。
  表语从句
  用suggestion, proposal, order, insistence, plan, requirement,recommendation, idea等表示愿望,建议,命令等情绪是,用虚拟语气,从句中用 should (可省略)+动词原形。
  My suggestion is that we try it again. 我的建议是再试一次。
   Our only request is that this should be settled as soon aspossible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。
  同位语从句
  当先行词是以上词表时,愿望,建议,命令,决定等 从句用虚拟语气。
  There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from theteam. 有一种建议就是布朗应该离队。
  
   注意: 当先行词是fact, news, idea, thought, reply, report,remark等名词时,通常使用直陈述语气。
  Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你在哪儿听说我不能来?
  The fact that the money has gone does not mean it wasstole.
  那笔钱不见了并不意味着是被偷了。
  
  4.定语从句中的虚拟。
  It is /was time/high time/about time that +主句+过去式 /should+动词原形
  It is time we left. 我们该走了。
  (离开的时间已经超过了,但是我们还没走)
  It is time I was in bed, 我该睡了。(该是睡觉时间,但是还没睡)
  It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
  我该去学校接我的女儿了。
   注意: It is time (for us) to leave. 我们该走了 (时间快到了,该走了)
  
  5.虚拟语气用于目的状语中。
  在从属连词lest引导的目的状语从句中,可以使用助动词should+动词原形,
  意为“为了不···,以免···。” 表否定目的,这种虚拟语气表“有疑问的动作”。
  I shall remind you, lest you should forget. 我将提醒你, 以免你忘记。
  I say all this, lest there be a misunderstanding.
  我说所以这些,以免产生误解。
  
  
  6.虚拟语气用于方式从句中。
  在从属连词as if, as though 所引导的让步状语从句中,如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时,它们所引导的表示虚拟性的比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气。从句的动词形式和wish或if引导的从句中的动词形式变化相同。
  He speaks English as if he were (was) an Englishman.
   他说起英语来好像他是个英国人似的。( 与现在事实相反)
  They talked about the city as if (though) they had been therethem.
   他们谈论那座城市就好像他们以前真去过那儿似的。(与过去事实相反)
  He stood up as if (though) he would speak.
   他站起来好像要发言似的。(实际上他不可能发言, 与将来事实相反)
  注意: seem, appear是叙述事实或接近事实,要用陈述语气。
  He appears (to be) drunk. 他好像喝醉了。
   He seems (to be) honest. 他好像很诚实。
  
  7. 虚拟语气用于让步状语从句中。
   a、 在从属连词evenif/though引导的让步状语从句中。如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时,要用从句用虚拟语气。从句的动词形式和wish或if引导的从句中的动词形式变化相同。
  Even though he were here, he would not help us.
  尽管他在这里,他也不会帮助我们。(与现在事实相反)
  I would have married her even if she had been penniless.
  即使她那时一文不名,我也要娶她的。 (与过去事实相反)
  Even if it did not rain tomorrow, I would not go to movies withyou.
  即使明天不下雨,我也不会跟你一起去看电影。(与将来事实相反)
   Even if he were here himself, he should not know what todo.
  即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。 (与现在事实相反)
  
  b、 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever, wherever,however, nomatter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:
   ① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。
   We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever mayhappen.
  不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。
   We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be.
  无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。
  I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
  不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。
   ② may +完成式(指过去) ,主句结构不限。
   You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progressyou may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲
   We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he mayhave made. 不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。
  
  三. 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气,
  其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should + 原形动词。
  如: Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗?
  You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。
  
  四. 表示“祝愿”时,常用“may + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他”。
  如: May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。
   May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。
  
  五.表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形。
  如: Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。
   God bless us. 上帝保佑。
  
  六.习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
  (1) 提出请求或邀请。
  如: Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
  今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?
  Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗?
  (2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。
  如: I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。
   I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。
  (3) 提出劝告或建议。
  如: You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。
  You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。 (4)提出问题。
  如: Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗?
   Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
  你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?
  (5) 表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。
  如: You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。
   You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了。
   (6). Long live the People’s Republic of China! 中国万岁!
   God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!
   God damn you! 该死的!
   Heaven forbid! 天理难容!
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