解题要排除“思维定势”的影响

   在解题过程中，我发现同学们存在着一个突出问题：容易受“思维定势”的影响，因而对变化了的题目未能灵活应变，结果造成了失误。本文希望通过下面六个实例的评析，帮助同学们“解放思想”，摆脱这种“思维定势”的影响。
1. ______ they are to be included in the plan will depend on ______they are true. 
  A. If;if        B. Whether; whether
  C. If;whether    D. Whether; if
一般说来，在宾语从句中，whether常可与if互换。例如：Idon’t know if / whether I can helpyou.但在下面情况下，只用whether: 1) 在介词后。2)用于带to的不定式前。3)引出主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句和让步状语从句。4)用于whether ... or not中。故本题选B。
2. ______ the early morning of May Day he left for Shanghai.
  A.On    B.At     C.In     D. By
一般说来，在in the morning / evening / afternoon, at noon, atnight等短语中，如果有前置定语或后置定语时，要将介词at/ in改为on。例如：on a hot evening of July, on a coldnight等。故本题选A。
3. They don’t think you two have met before, ______?
  A. dothey       B. don’tthey      C. haveyou     D. haven’t you
一般说来，句型I don’t think that...,其反意疑问句根据从句变化。例如：I don’t thinkhe will come, will he?但主句中主语不为第一人称时，其反意疑问句，根据主句变化。例如：Youdon’t think I am going out there in the wet, do you?故本题选A。
4. — How many students have finished their homework?
  — ______.
  A.Nothing    B.None     C. Noone     D. Nobody
一般说来，none既可指人也可指物，通常情况下，可与nobody,no one 或nothing互换。例如：Nobody / No one / None of usknows about it. 但在简略回答时，How much / Howmany的答语是None；What / Who的答语是Nothing / No one /Nobody。例如：What is on the desk? Nothing.故本题选B。
5. — Will you have ______ more tea?
  — There is plenty in the pot.
  A. some   B.any   C.little   D. few
一般说来，any用于否定句和疑问句，some用于肯定句。例如：Have you got any matches? I haven’t got any. / You have some goodtapes. Could you lend me any? 但是1）希望得到肯定回答时，some可用于疑问句。例如：Doyou like some sugar in your coffee? 2)If从句一般用any。例如： If there are any letters for me,can you send them on to this address? 3)any用于肯定句中，表示“任何，无论哪个”。例如：You can catch any bus. They all go to the citycentre.故本题选A。 
6. We had ______ paper but ______ ink.
  A. plenty of; notmuch      B. a great deal of; not many
  C. much;few           D. a lot of; a few
一般说来，much, a great deal of, a lot of, plentyof等均可跟不可数名词。many跟可数名词复数。但much,many用法相当有限，通常只用于否定句和疑问句。在肯定句中常用alot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a large numberof等代替。例如： I have seen a great deal of him these days.但在下面两种情况时many, much可用于肯定句： 1）many, much前有as, too, how, so, very, agreat等修饰时。例如：I am sorry to give you so muchtrouble. 2） 在肯定句中much,many可用来作主语或修饰主语。例如：Much snow hasfallen. 故本题选A。