高考英语语法专题复习之名词

【要点点拨】

一.  可数名词的复数构成规则:

1.规则变化:加-s, -es; 辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/fe变成ves;

(1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs;gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes

(2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如: some VIPs (VIP’s);in his 50s / 50’s; in the 1990s / 1990’s; There are two t’s inthe word “letter”.

2.不规则变化:

(1)men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;

(2)单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂);Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes,metals等表示种类);

(3)只有复数形式:trousers,glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录);goods; customs(海关); arms(武器);

(4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups;passers-by; daughters-in-law

(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:Chinese / Japanese) B:把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans)

一、不可数名词

1.量的表示：用some / a little /much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece,article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece of advice / bread /news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music /work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a barof chocolate ; two head of cattle

2.不可数名词具体化：These games are great successes; The partywas a great success.

二、名词的所有格：

1.表示有生命的名词后加’s,如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s: Jack and Tom’sroom(两人共有的房间); Jack’s and Tom’srooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：thewindows of the room;

(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s:China’s industry; today’s paper; ten minutes’ walk)

2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：atmy aunt’s (house); at the doctor’s (office); go to the chemist’s(shop);

3.双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any/ a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of+…..’s /名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；

比较：

a friend of hermother’s她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）

a friend of hermother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）

a picture of hisbrother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)

a picture of hisbrother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）

三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；

(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoeshop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager; sports meet;由man / woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/ womendoctors;

(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：

a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dustybag布满灰尘的袋子  a chemicalchange化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacherof chemistry)一个化学老师

a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表

五.英语中”很多”的表达:

只修饰可数名词:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large/ small) number of

只修饰不可数名词: a great deal of / a great amount of ( greatamounts of)

既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of )/ a (large) quantity of / large quantitiesof      

 

【各个击破】

1.No regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails tostick to the _____of his advertisement.

A. standard        B. level             C. message        D. promise

2.-----What do you think of his composition?

  ------Much better, but there’s still some______for improvement.

A. space            B. room            C. area              D. place

3. Sometimes doctors make higher ______ for their work than theyshould.

A. bills             B. charges         C. costs             D. prices

4. The ______of a big snake made her frightened, so she satthere still.

A. sight             B. look             C. view             D. scene

5.No ______ she fell ill, considering that she had beenoverworking for years.

A. problem        B. way              C. wonder         D. matter

6. -----How is it that you lost your way?

  ------When I came to the crossroads, I wentthe wrong ________.

A. way                     B. direction       C. distance        D. path

7. Little Tom asked me for small _________ for his_________piece, so I gave him ________.

A. change; ten pennies; tenpence     B. changes; ten pennies; ten pence

C. change; ten pence; tenpennies     D. changes; ten pence; ten pennies

8. Will you please tell me _______you are talking about?

A. which Zhang Yimou’sfilm                B. which film of Zhang Yimou

C. which film of ZhangYimou’s      D. zhang Yimou’s which film

9. The baby broke a _______which is made of _____just now.

A. tea cup; glass    B. cup oftea; glass   C. tea’s cup;glasses   D. tea cup; glasses

10. Look, Mother has just bought three _______ and _______.

A. fruit; lots of vegetables                     B. fruits; a number of vegetables

C. fruit; a great many of thevegetables       D. fruits; a great amount of vegetables

11. If you get the job you’ll have to make business ______everynow and then.

A. journeys       B. trips             C. travels          D. voyages

12. I listened to his lecture about biology , but I missed thekey ______.

A. messages       B. sense            C. notes            D. points

13. He is always full of ______as though he never knewtiredness.

A. strength         B. force            C. power          D. energy

14.There has been a great _______ in the number of cars in ourcity in the past five years.

A. increase               B. improvement    C.result             D. effect

15. I don’t think it’s my ______ that the TV doesn’t work. Ijust turned it off.

A. mistake         B. fault             C. duty             D. error

16. ---- What’s the ______ of this pair of shoes?

   ---- 500 yuan.

   ---- Oh, it’s really tooexpensive.

   ---- But it’s comfortable,so I think it’s good _______ for money.

A. cost; value     B. price; value    C. price;cost      D. cost;price

17. How did you like the ________of the interpreter(口译员)atthe conference on TV?

     A. performance   B.achievement    C. material       D. words

18.She is not in good _______for such heavy work.

A. state            B. condition       C.position               D. situation

19.It’s bad _______ for a man to smoke in public places wheresmoking is not allowed.

A. manners        B. action          C. movement      D.manner

20. Johnson is an honest businessman. Our company and his hashad a lot of _______ in the past few years.

A. agreements     B.sales             C. deals             D. bargains