“复合名词”变复数的几种形式
(1)由man和woman构成的复合名词变复数时，两个成分都要变。如：
a man doctor→men doctors男医生
a woman driver→women drivers女司机
(2)由“名词+名词”以及“动名词+名词”构成的复合名词，把复数词尾放在一个名词上。如：
police officers 警官 boy-friends男朋友
match-boxes火柴盒 flower shops花店
frying pans平底锅
(3)由“名词+副词”构成的复合名词，把复数词尾放在名词上。如：
passers-by过路人 lookers-on旁观者
(4)由“家庭成员+in-law”构成的复合名词，复数形式放在第一个成分上。如：
fathers-in-law（岳父） sisters-in-law（嫂嫂）
sons-in-law（女婿）
(5)复合名词中没有名词时，把复数词尾放在最后一个词上。如：
go-betweens中间人，媒人 grown-ups成年人
game,race, match
三个词都有“比赛”之意。game通常指“游戏、比赛”，其复数形式往往指大型运动会。race多指赛跑，赛马、赛车、赛船等运动。match指竞技比赛。
[应用]英译汉
①play games
②play a game of basketball
③the Asian Games
④horse race.
⑤a 1,500-metre race
⑥run a race
⑦have a volleyball match
⑧watch a match
Key:①做游戏，比赛 ②进行一次篮球比赛 ③亚运会 ④赛马 ⑤一千五百米赛跑 ⑥赛跑 ⑦举行排球比赛 ⑧观看比赛
get a general idea of 对……了解大意（大概情况）
Read the chapter quickly to get a general idea.
快速阅读这一章，了解大意。
I have a general idea of that town.
我对那个镇子的大概情况有所了解
get in touch with sb.; keep in touch with sb.
这两个相似动词短语的区别是：前者是表示动作性的，作“和（与）某人进行接触”解，如：
Finally Hank and his friend gave each other their addresses and promised to get in touch again with each other when they both returned to the States.最后，汉克和他的朋友互换了地址，并且保证回美国后和对方联系。
而后者表示状态，作“和（与）某人保持着联系”解。如：
Some students keep in touch with me all the time.一些学生一直和我保持着联系。
get sb. / sth. doing使某人/某物开始活跃或使某物开始工作
Let me try now, I will get the car going
现在让我试试，我会把汽车发动起来。
拓展：get sb. to do sth. = have sb. do sth.让/使某人做某事
get sth. done = have sth. done请人做某事
I’ll get him to do the job.我会让他做这项工作。
When did you get your hair cut?
你什么时候理的发？
感叹句表达方式
感叹句表示说话时的惊讶、喜悦、赞赏和愤怒等情绪。大多数感叹句是由what和how引导，其句型结构为“What(或How)+感叹部分+主语+谓语！”。也有少量其他形式的感叹句，现一并归纳如下：
(1)What 引导的感叹句
What 用做定语，修饰名词，其引导的感叹句句型结构为：
①What+a(an)+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！如：
What an orphan he is!他是个多么可怜的孤儿啊！
②What+a (an)+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！如：
What a beautiful voice she has!她的声音多美啊！
③What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语！如：
What kind doctors they are!他们是多好的医生啊！
④What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！如：
What good news it is!
(2)How 引起的感叹句
How 用做状语，修饰形容词、副词和动词，其引导的感叹句句型结构为：
①How+形容词+主语+谓语！
How clever you are!
②How+副词+主语+谓语！
How well she dances!
③How +形容词+a(an)+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！如：
How good a student he is!
④How+主语+谓语！如：
How the teachers worked!教师们工作多么努力啊！
⑤How+many(few)+可数名词的复数+主语+谓语！如：
How many books you have read!
⑥How much(little)+不可数名词+主语+谓语！如：
How little money the coat cost!
(3)“What+a(an)+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！”句型可转换为“How+形容词+a(an)+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！”句型。如；
What a clever boy he is!
How clever a boy he is!
(4)感叹句常将主语和谓语动词省略，以“What+名词！”或“How+形容词！”的形式构成。如：
What a fine student!
What mountains!
How wonderful!
How brave!
(5)其他形式的感叹句
有时候，可不用what和how来表示感叹，而用陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词或词组来表示感叹。如：
She is such a nice girl!她是一个多好的姑娘啊！（陈述句）
Who do you think you are!你算老几！（疑问句）
“Stop the train! Stop the train!”(祈使句)
Wonderful!(一个词)
Happy New Year!(词组)
get through 接通电话；完成；通过
I can’t get through. The line’s busy.我没能接通电话。占线了。
get through the work/the exams/the book完成工作/通过考试/看完这本书
打电话的其他交际用语：
Can you ring up …?你能给……打电话吗？
I can’t get through.我没能接通（电话）
The line is busy.（电话）占线。
I’ll try again later.一会儿我再试试。
Could I speak to… please?我找……接电话。
This is … speaking .我是……
Hold on, Please.请等一等。
Can I take a message?我可以捎个口信吗？
Could you ask … to ring me back, please?
你让……给我回个电话好吗？
I’ll ask …… to call you.
我要让……给你打个电话。
They are talking on /over the phone. 他们在通电话。
You are wanted on the phone.有电话找你。
She answered the phone.她接了电话。
give构成的短语
①give away 送给人、分发、泄露、暴露
Let’s give away our dog.我们把狗送人吧。
②give back:送还、恢复（健康）
Living here has given me back my health.在这住使我恢复了健康。
③give in交进来，让步、妥协、投降
The boy gave in the money he picked up.
那小孩把捡到的钱上交了。
In the end,they gave in.最终，他们屈服了。
④give off散发出
The gas gave off an unpleasant smell.那种气体发出难闻的气味。
⑤give out用完、耗尽、没有了。
Money gave out.钱用完了。
⑥give up放弃、不再做、把……献给……
My father has given up smoking.我爸“戒烟了。”
He has given up his life to teaching.
他一生都献给了教育事业。
Don’t give up,try again.别泄气，再试一次。
give birth to 生……；造成……的原因。
①She gave birth to a baby last week.
②His illness gave birth to his absence.
Give my regards/ best wishes/love to sb. 向人问好时
give off,放出（光、烟、气味等）、散发，
give out,放出，发出（声音，光线，气味等），（食物、燃料、力量等）用尽、筋疲力尽。
①These red roses give off a sweet smell.
②This device gives out flashes of light in the fog.
③Both my strength and money gave out.
go bad 变坏
类似的：go wrong,go mad,etc.
go 通常表示不好的变化。
Alice’s face went red with anger.
My husband’s hair is going gray.
“go+doing”表示“去干某事”，多指从事与体育、娱乐有关的活动。
go fishing 去钓鱼 go riding去骑马
go boating 去划船 go climbing去登山
go swimming去游泳 go shooting去射击
go walking 去散步 go hunting去打猎
go shopping去买东西 go cycling去骑车
go dancing去跳舞 go camping 去露营
“go+doing”还可以表示从事某种职业。
go farming务农 go nursing当护士
go on doing , go on to do , go on with
1) go on doing sth .指继续做同一件事。如：
After a short rest , they went on working . 短暂休息之后，他们继续工作。
go on with sth . 指继续同一件事，此时 with 后能接名词，代词，不能跟ing 形式。如:After a short rest ,they went on with the work . 短暂休息之年，他们继续那项工作。
go on to do sth . 指接着做另外一件事。如：
After finishing the words , they went on to go over the text.结束单词后，他们接着通课文。
2) 类似意义的说法。
continue doing/ to do = go on doing;
go ahead with = go on with ,隐含有付出努力之意
keep on doing ① = go on doing ②指不顾困难，反对或警告而坚持做某事。如：He kept on smoking after the doctor told him to stop .医生告诉他停止后，他还是继续抽烟。
go through 浏览；经历；历经
He went through several houses, but haven’t bought one yet.
他看了好几套房子，但一套还没买。
The country has gone through too many wars.这个国家已经历了太多的战争。
The plan must go through several stages.
这个计划必须经历几个过程。
拓展：go through with完成
He hasn’t gone through with his composition yet. 他还没写完作文。
go with 与……相配；适合。
I’d like a pair of shoes to go with my trousers.我想要一双和我的裤子相配的鞋。
go/do without
该短语表示“没有……将就着也行”。Without既是介词也是副词，亦即带不带宾语都行。
[应用]完成句子
①他没钱买电视，只能过着没有电视的日子。
He had no money for a TV set,so he had to _______ _______ ______.
②我们没有地图也行。
We have no map but we can ________ ________
Key:①go,without,it ②do,without
had better (not) do sth.最好（不要）做某事。
用来委婉地提出建议或劝告.had通用于各种人称和数的形式.。
①You’d better give up smoking.It dose no good to your health.你最好把烟戒掉，吸烟对健康没好处。
②she had better not come this evening .今晚她最好不要来。
hand down(=pass down)相传、传给
意思是“（从上代）传下来（给后代）”。
In poor families,clothes may be handed down from one child to the next.
hand back 把……归还……；hand in 面交，提出；hand on 传阅，依次传递；hand out 分发；hand over 移交。
happen句型归纳
(1)happen to do sth.(主语常为“人”)，意为“碰巧。恰好”。to 后可用不定式的一般式to do,完成式to have done进行式to be doing如：
You happened to be out when I came to your house.
我到你家时，你正好出去了。
She happened to have just finished reading the book.
碰巧她刚刚读完那本书。
The two salesmen happened to be quarrelling when the manager entered.
经理进去时两个售货员碰巧在吵架。
(2)It(so)happen that…“（如此）碰巧，恰好”。如：
It happens that he is a teacher of English.
恰好他是位英语老师。
It so happened that he was going that way too.
如此碰巧的是他也往那边走。
注意：句型1）和2）可互换，如：
I happened to have no money with me./It happened that I had no money with me.
我碰巧身上没带钱。
(3)happen to sb./sth. “某人/物出事，发生了……情况”。
如：What has happened to your hand?你的手怎么了？
Be careful not to let anything happen to that child.
小心别让那个孩子出任何事。
[应用]选择正确答案
①—We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.(MET’91)
—What do you suppose __________to her?
A.was happening B.to happen
C.has happened D.having happened
②They happened to _______for Tianjin when we got there.(MET’)
A.leave B.have left C.leaving D.had left
③If anything __________you,let me know.
A.is happened to B.is happening
C.happens on D.happens to
Key:①C ②B ③D
have a right to do sth.有权做某事
right:①当名词用，可有复数形式如：human rights人权；但是当方向（右边）讲时，不可数，turn to the right向右转
②当形容词：a.右面的、向右的、政治上右倾的；b.对的、正确的、合适、恰当、正当；c.对头、没事了。如：
He didn’t feel quite right.他感觉不太舒服。
Your advice is right你的建议是对的。
Which is the right answer?哪个答案正确？
③当副词用，向右
Don’t forget to turn right when you meet a bookstore.看到那家书店别忘了向右转。
The crowd divided right and left.
人群走散了（各奔西东）。
have/find + difficulty/trouble + (in)doing sth ./ with sth.
There be + difficulty/trouble + (in) doing sth./with sth.做某事有困难/麻烦；在……方面有困难/麻烦。
其中的difficulty和trouble为不可数名词；doing前的介词in 可省略。
①I have some difficulty(in)pronouncing some English words.有些英语单词我发音有困难。
②Everyone in the town knew him; so we had no difficulty(in) finding his house。镇上所有的人都认识他，所有我们毫不费力就找到了他的家。
③The boy had little difficulty with maths.这孩子学数学没困难。
④There was much difficulty (in) finding him.好不容易才找到他。
have mercy on/upon sb.
该短语意为“宽恕（或可怜）某人”，类似的词组还有show mercy to sb.。
He always has mercy on the poor.
at the mercy of …任由……摆布，在……的掌握中。
如：They were lost at sea,at the mercy of the winds and the waves.
have no choice but to do sth.
该结构意为“别无选择的干……”
如：You have no choice but to obey me.
have on,have…on
have on 表示“穿着，戴着”，有have on sth.或have sth.,on结构，强调状态，无进行时，但有动词—ing短语形式。have…on表示“有事，有约（会）”。对比：
On Children’s Day,children always have on their new clothes. 儿童节那天孩子们总是穿着新衣服。
I’ve nothing on tomorrow.Let’s go together. 明天我没事，咱们一起去吧。
误：In fact the king was having nothing on.
正：In fact the king had nothing on.事实上国王什么也没穿。
正：The king having nothing on walked in the front.一丝不挂的国王走在最前面。
[应用]汉译英
①He has something on this evening.I’ve to go without him.
②He has his uniform on this evening.
have something(nothing,much,little)to do with与……有（没有，有很大，有一点）关系。
①I have nothing to do with that young man.
②His job has something to do with telephones.
③This has little to do with what we are talking about.
④Do you have anything to do with that club?
He sends his regards/best wishes/love to you. 带人问好时
也可用：Please remember me to your parents.
head vi.向……前进，朝某方面行进。后面接for,forward的介词短语，或表示方向的副词east,eastward等。head south向南行
①Where are we heading?
②Those ships are heading for HongKong.
hear vt,;vi.
（1）听见、听到（声音）。
①Listen!I heard somebody knocking at the door.听！我听到有人敲门。
②Old Granny can’t hear very well.老奶奶听觉不好了。
(2)hear that(宾从)听说某事
①I heard that he had come back.我听说他回来了。
②I heard that we were going to Qingdao for a holiday.Is that true?听说我们要去青岛度假，是真的吗？
（3）hear of 听说；获悉。
①I have heard of him,though I don’t know him.尽管我不认识他，但我听说过他。
②They have never heard of American country music.他们从没听说过美国的乡村音乐。
③They have never heard American country music。他们从没听过美国的乡村音乐。
（4）hear from sb.收到某人的来信。
—Have you heard from Peter recently?最近收到彼得的信了吗？
—No,I haven’t heard from him for three months.没有。我已3个月没收到他的信了。
heart短语归纳
lose heart 失去信心；lose one’s heart to sb./sth.爱上某人/事；give heart to sb.鼓励某人；give one’s heart sb./sth.爱上某人/事；put one’s heart into 一心扑在某事上；heart and soul全心全意地；have a kind heart有一幅好心肠;break one’s heart使某人伤心；learn…by heart 记住，背诵；with a heavy/light heart 心情沉重地/轻松愉快地
[应用]完成句子
①这个队一场比赛未赢，结果灰心了。
The team had won no game and it ________ ________.
②我们很奇怪她怎么爱上一个外国老头。
We wonder why she ________ _________ ________ _______an
old foreigner.
③世上无难事，只怕有心人。
Nothing is too difficult in the world if you _______ _______
________ _______it.
④全心全意地为人民服务是一个党员的义务。
It’s the duty of a Party member to serve the people ________
_________ _________ __________.
Key:①lost,heart②lost,her,heart,to③put,your,heart,into④heart,and,soul
help oneself to“自行取用（食物等），随意使用”
Help yourself to more cakes.
help to do sth.
该动宾结构意为“有助于干某事”，且不定式符号to 可以省略，即构成help do sth.的表达形式。如：
①This book helps to understand this question.
②Exercises help build up.
hold短语归纳
hold one’s hand 抓住某人的手；hold me by the arm抓住我的胳臂；hold one’s breath屏住气；hold back one’s tears 忍住泪水；hold a meeting 开会；hold 100 passengers容纳100名乘客；hold a position守住阵地；hold back 阻止；hold one’s head high昂首，趾高气扬；hold up the wounded part 抬高受伤的部位； hold it tight 抓紧；hold everything in secret 对一切都保密；catch/get/take hold of a rope 抓住绳子；hold a child in one’s arms 怀抱孩子；hold a final examination举行期末考试
[应用]介、副词填空
①Nothing can hold______the wheel of the history.
②I held her _____ the hand and tried to follow her.
③He was saved by taking hold______ the big stick.
④Please hold______ your hand if you have any questions to ask.
Key: ①back ②by ③of ④up
How do you do ? 初次见面打招呼 答语为How do you do ?也可用Nice /Glad/Pleased to meet you.熟人见面打招呼 How are you?随便一些可用Hello, Hi.
How do (did )you find…?(你觉得/认为……怎么样？)是征求对方对某人、某事的看法或意见的用语。回答时在find 后要跟复合宾语。
How did you find the dishes?
(I found them)Tasteless.
How do you find Peter Gray?
I found him dishonest.
How long have you had it?你买了多久了？
瞬时动词come/go/leave/start/arrive/buy/die/join/borrow/marry等不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。如how long, for 和 since所表示的时间。
①他去世三年了。
不能说：He has died for 3 years.
而应说：He has been dead for 3 years/He died 3 years ago.
It is 3 years since he died.
②他参军多久了？
不能说：How long has he joined the army?
而应说：How long has he been in the army?/How long has he been a soldier?/How long is it since he joined the army?
how long/how soon/how far/how often
(1)how long 多久。表示一段时间，句中的动词应是延续性的。是对for 或since等所表示的时间状语的提问。
—How long have you lived here ?你在这里住多久了？
①—For three years.3年了。
②—Since 1997.从1997年至今。
③—Since I graduated from college.从大学毕业至今。
(2)how soon (将来)多久；（过）多久（以后）。是对in 所表示的时间状语的提问。
—How soon can you finish the work?多久你能完成这工作？
—In three hours. 3小时后。
（3）how far 多远。用来提问距离。
—How far is your hometown from here?你家乡离这里多远？
—Twenty kilometres.20公里。
(4)how often(每隔)多久；多经常。用来提问频度。
—How often do you usually go home?你多久回家一次？
—Twice a month. 一个月两次。
how to do sth.是由“疑问副词+动词不定式”构成的复合结构，在句中可作表语。
How to deal with it hasn’t been decided.
My question is how to feed so many people.
however adv. 然而；但是。表示转折，起承上启下的作用。本身具有相对的独立性，通常逗号与句子其他部分隔开。
①He likes singing. He can’t sing very well, however. 他喜欢唱歌，然而唱不好。
②He didn’t agree with me ; however, he said nothing.他不同意我的看法，但他什么也没说。
human(being)[c]人，与动物等对比的人(the human人类)
A human being tells the machine what to do, when to do and how to do.
人让机器做什么、什么时候做和怎样做。
In the story human beings were replaced by robots.
在这个故事里，人类被机器人所代替。
hurt,wound
二者都有“受伤”之意，但含义有所不同。
Wound指外伤，如枪伤、刀伤、剑伤等，尤指战争、战斗中受伤。而hurt既指肉体上的也指精神上的伤害，含强烈疼痛意味。如：
be badly wounded in the battle 战斗中受重伤；
wound sb.to death 使某人受伤致死；
hurt one’s back摔伤了后背；hurt one’s feeling伤害某人的感情；be hurt by his words被他的话所伤害。
注意：A.wound可用作名词：
have a wound in the chest胸部受伤；
receive a serious wound受重伤；the wounded伤员。
B.hurt还可用作不及物动词，表示“疼痛难受”对比：
The girl fell off her bike. She hurt one of her legs hurts.
姑娘从自行车上掉下来，有一条腿疼得厉害。
[应用]完成句子
①这位战士头部受了伤.
The soldier ______ ______ _____in his head./The soldier ______
_______in the head./The soldier head ______ ______.
②他们说我的那些话使我很伤心。
I was rather__________by what they said about me.
③我右腿疼。
My right foot ________.
④他的伤似乎是很重。
It seemed that he _________badly_________.
Key:①received,a, would/was, wounded/was wounded
②hurt ③hurts ④was, hurt/wounded
I must be off now. I must go now . I must be leaving now. 表示自己要走时
I think it would be a good idea to(do sth.)
“我想，干某事是个好主意”（是委婉地提出建议的交际英语）。
A：I’m afraid I’m putting on weight.
B:I think it would be a good idea to keep on doing moning exercises.
idea n. 主意，想法
①have an idea ②have the idea of doing ③have an idea that/wh-从句 |
He thought and thought, and then he had an idea.
他想啊想，终于有了一个主意。
She had the idea of discussing the problem with her husband.
她有一个与丈夫商讨此事的办法。
I have an idea that he will lose. 我认为他会输的。
Do you have any idea where he has gone?
你知道他到哪儿去了吗？
if与unless的异同
1)通常unless 等于if not 如：
I won’t go unless he comes .= I won’t go if the doesn’t come .
2)在下面的句子中不可做此替换。如：
I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t have an accident .他要是不出事故，我倒会感到奇怪了。
unless 不能用于“由于未发生B而产生A”的句子，再如：
I’ll be quite glad if she doesn’t come this evening.要是他今晚不来，我才高兴呢。
mix .混合mixture n. 混合物
Water and oil will not mix .油和水不相溶合。
Mix black with white 混淆黑白。
注意：下面句子中mix 的形式。
A rain is falling ,mixed with snow .雨夹着雪在下着。
I’m sorry(that)…很抱歉……。是自认为表现欠妥或做事失误时的道歉用语，其后的从句说明道歉的内容和原因。
①I’m sorry I can’t answer the question.对不起我不会回答这个问题。
②I’m sorry that I broke your glass.很抱歉我把你的杯子打破了。
imagine
1)接名词、代词：You can’t imagine the life on the island.你无法想象岛上的生活。
2）接动名词：She never imagined her going abroad for further education.她从没设想过会出国深造。
3）接从句：You can’t imagine how worried I was those days.你想象不到那几天我是多么焦虑啊。
4）接复合宾语：The boy imagined himself to be a hero. 这男孩把自己想象成了英雄。
[应用] 选择正确答案
I can hardly imagine Peter ______across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.(MET’91)
A.sail B.to sail C.sailing D.to have sailed
Key:C
improve
1)用作及物动词，意为“改善，使更好，增进，提高”。如：
improve one’s English/the living conditions/one’s method of study/oneself in maths提高英语水平/改善居住条件/改进学习方法/提高教学水平。
2)用作不及物动词，意为“变得更好，增加。”如：
After two days’ rest his health is improving.
经过两天的休息，他的健康状况在好转。
3)用作名词：improvement of soil土壤改良；make improvement in 在某方面作出改进
[应用]一句多译
①他的中文水平在不断提高。
②这篇文章你最好有所改进。
Key:①His Chinese is improving./He is improving his Chinese.
②You’d better improve your article./You’d better make improvement in your article.
in prep. 在……之后。用于“将来一段时间之后”。
① Your birthday is in two weeks’ time .你的生日还有两周。
② I’ll finish the work in 3 days/in 3 days’ time. 这两项工作我3天后完成。
注意：“将来具体时间之后”用after。
① I’ll be back in 3 days.3天后我回来.
② I’ll be back after the New year. 新年后我回来。
in a word总之=in one word
In a word, I don’t trust him.
总这，我不信任他。
Tom is brave, careful and calm. In a word, he is admirable.
汤姆既勇敢、细心又镇静。总之，他很令人羡慕。
in charge of prep.担任……，管理……，负责
in the charge of a personDin a person’s charge由（某人）照料（管理）
take charge of 担任……，接管。
My father is in charge of this company.
in common, in general, in particular,in short
（1）in common(with)与……有共同处、（和……）一样。如：
They have nothing in common with one another.他们相互毫无共同之处。
（2）in general 大体上、通常、一般说来。如：
In general boys like sports more than girls.一般说来，男孩比女孩更喜欢运动。
（3）in particular= particularly特别、尤其。如：
I noticed his eyes in particular, because they were very big.我特别注意到他的眼晴，因为那双眼晴很大。
（4）in short简单地说，总之。如：
The man, in short,is not to be trusted.总之，那个人是不何信任的。
in debt(to)欠债，欠人情
out of debt还清负债，没欠债
get(run,fall)into debt,vi.借债，负债
pay off the debt还清债务
She was always in debt when she was out of work.
In 1860,Abraham Lincoln was elected president….1860年林肯被选为总统。
president/chairman/head/captain/director/mornitor等表示头衔、职位的名词，在用作同位语、补语或表语时，前面通常不加冠词。
in future;in the future; for the future
in future意思是“从今以后”。例如：
In future,be careful with your pronunciation.今后要注意你的发音。
Such a bad habit must be got rid of in future.今后成长须改掉这样的坏习惯。
in the furture意思是“将来、今后的日期”，但 不一定就是从今立即开始，而是将来的时间。例如：
No one can know what will happen in the future.没有人知道将来会发生什么事。
My sister wants to be actress in the future.我妹妹将来想当演员。
for the future的意思是“就未来而论、今后”，作“今后”解时可与in future替换使用。例如：
What are your plans for the future when you grow up? 你长大以后对你的未来有什么打算？
For the future, we’ll have to depend on ourselves.今后我们得依靠自己。
in honour of sb.(sth.) 为了纪念或表示敬意而举行某活动。
①A memorial meeting was held in his honour.
②It is only a dance in honour of my birthday.
in+名词+of
in praise of为……颂扬、歌颂；in honour of 为纪念，为了向某人表示敬意；in memory of为了怀念；in favour of赞同，支持；in place of 代替；in charge of负责；in search of寻找；in need of 需要。
注意：上述短语多用作表语、状语或定语。
[应用]完成句子，句意不变
①This is a book which sings high praise for pioneers.
This is a book ________ ________ ________ pioneers.
②They startd off at once to look for the missing girl.
They started off at once________ ______ _______the missing girl.
③We all agree to your plan.
We are all ______ ________ ______your plan.
④We usr plastics instead of wood or metal.
We use plastics_______ ________ ________ wood or metal.
Key:①in, praise, of ②in, search, of
③in, favour, of ④in, place, of
in one’s opinion 在某人看来，依照某人的看法，也可以说：
in one’s personal opinion
例：have a good /high opinion of sb . = think / speak well/highly of sb.
对某人评价高，看法不好。
in one’s will在某人的遗嘱中
will作为名词使用时意为“遗嘱”“意志力”或“强烈的愿望”。
Her death is god’s will, I suppose.
她的逝世是上帝的旨意，我估计。
His strong will enables him to refuse all the worldly pleaseres.
他的强烈愿望使他可以拒绝世间所有的乐趣。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。
in other words换句话说
In other words, they failed to pass the exam.
换句话说，他们考试没有及格。
He became, in other words, a great hero.
也就是说，他成了一位大英雄。
in place/out of place在原处；在合适的位置。
①You should keep everything in place.(=in order)
你应该把所有的东西都放好。
②What you said is somewhat out of place.你的话有些离谱了。
in the 1950s:in the 1950’s 20世纪50年代。介词也可用during。
early/late in the 1990s:in the early/late 1990’s。 20世纪90年代早期/晚期。
in the hope of
该短语表示“期待，抱有……的希望”，后接名词、代词或动名词，可替换成：in the hope that 从句或hoping to…。对比:
They got up very early in the hope of catching the first bus.
他们起得很早，希望能赶上头班车。
注意：have the hope of…/There be hope of…有希望
对比：She has the hope of success.她有成功的希望。
There is still hope of persuading him to change his mind.
还有希望说服他改变主意。
[应用]一句多译：
他到那里去，希望买一些新鲜鱼。
He went there in the hope of buying some fresh fish./He
Went there in the hope that he could buy some fresh fish./He went there hoping to buy some fresh fish.
in the last few years.
该短语意为“最近几年”，常和现在完成时连用，表示以前某时开始一直延续至说话时的动作或状态。in可被during或over 替换。常用的还有：during the past ten days过去的10天里；over the last 5 months过去的5个月里；in the past few weeks 过去的几周里如：
We’ve learned quite a lot of English over the past three years.
三年来我们学了不少英语。
[应用]单句改错
①Many factories were built in the last ten years in my hometown.
②Both my father and mother have been busy since the past few weeks.
Key:①改were 为have been
②改since为for/in/over
in the past sixty years在过去的60年里（常与现在完成时连用）
Great changes have taken place in the past few years.
in time及时(=not later than),终究(=sooner or later)
I hope you will arrive in time for the meeting .
我希望你及时到会。
Work hard and you will succeed in time.
努力工作那么最终你将成功。
Increase v.& n.(使……)增长/加
Travel can increase our knowledge of the world.旅行能加深我们对世界的了解。
The number of students in this school has increased to 3,000.这个学校的学生人数已增加到3000人。
The population of the area increased by 5% last year.这个地区的人口去年增加了5%。
an increase in production/ number/population.
生产/数量/人口增加
information: news新闻；消息。为不可数名词，如果表示“几条消息”，应用piece
①The news is true.这条消息是真的。
②a piece of news 一条新闻；一则消息。two pieces of news 两条新闻；两则消息。several pieces of news几条新闻；几则消息。
insist on doing sth.坚持做……
suggest doing sth.建议做……
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做……
类似的admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,detest.dis
-like,endure,escape,excuse,face,feellike,finish,forgive,give
up,can’t help,imagine, leave off,mention,mind,miss,postp
-hone,practise,put off, resist,risk,can’t understand,und
-erstand,mean(意味着)
以上这些动词只能接动名词作宾语，不能接动词不定式作宾语。在介词之间，也只能用动名词作宾语。
Look forward to,object to ,be used to,in addition to,prefer…to,according to,stick to,etc.
insist表示“坚持要求（某人或主语本身）干某事。”；suggest 表示“建议”，以及order, demand, request, advise…，这些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气形式。
即主语+（should）+动词原形+……，should常可省略。如：
He insisted that he(should)be sent to the poorest place to work。他坚持要求派他去最贫穷的地方工作。
instead of
instead of是短语介词，意思是“代替、而不”，后接名词、代词、动名词，有时接动词原形、不定式、形容词等。如：
I’ll take that book instead of this one.我要那本书不要这一本。
Instead of putting it off till the next day, he started working right away. 他立即开始工作，不把它拖到明天。
You should give him advice instead of money. 你应给他忠告而不是金钱。
A word of encouragement might have made me respect instead of hating him.一句鼓励的话当可时可能使我尊敬他而不是恨他。
Things are now better instead of worse.目前情况是好转而不是恶化。
We made the trip by train instead of by car.我们是乘火车旅行的，不是乘汽车。
instead of, instead, in place of, take the place of
He went to attend the meeting instead of me .
I was ill so he went to attend the meeting instead .
注意：instead 可用于句首，表示“相反的”。如：
She never studies .Instead, she plays tennis all day .她从不学习。相反地，她整天打网球。
in place of很多时候可与instead of换用，但更强调“取代”之意。如：
He isn’t fit for the job, so I’ll do it in place of him.他胜任不了这项工作，我要代他做。
take the place of 是动词短词，在句中做谓语，如：
Tractors have taken the place of horses .拖拉机已经取代了马。
注意：instead of 后可接ing 形式，介词短语等。如:
He came by bus instead of by train.他是乘汽车来的而不是乘火车。
He wanted to go to a film instead of staying at home.他想去看电影而不是呆在家里。
Isn’t it easier to stay in the same place ？留在原地难道不更舒服一些吗？
否定疑问句用来表示对某事感到惊讶，含批评意味。相当于汉语的“难道不/莫非……？”
① Don’t you know my address?难道你不知道我的地址吗？
②Can’t you speak English?你难道不会说英语吗？
① Isn’t it happy to live with us ?莫非和我们生活在一起不快乐？
It句型：主语+动词+it+形容词或名词+不定式短语
此句型中，it 作形式宾语，常用于句型中的动词有find,feel, think, consider, make等。Einstein.who was a Jew, found it impossible to continue living in Germany.
爱因斯坦是一个犹太人，他发现他不可能在德国继续生活下去了。
①I found it quite pleasant to work with him.我发现和他一起工作很愉快。
②He feels it his duty to help others.他感到帮助别人是他的责任。
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