编者按
苏格拉底式讨论培养学生集中注意，在思考的过程中进行批判性的思维，在严格框架中的设问过程中，迫使学生减缓并审视自己的思维过程（自省式思维）。苏式讨论或提问式教育模式关注的不是如何给学生答案，而是让学生针对一个主题不间断地提出一系列启发性问题。苏式提问可以很灵活，不仅老师可以提问，学生也可以提问，可以是大班讨论形式，也可以是小班形式，一对一形式，甚至可以自问自答。
一般可以将苏氏提问归纳为六大类型：澄清事实、启发假设、启发推理引起证据，引出观点或看法，引出深层意义及其结果，对问题提问。
澄清事实
你为什么这么想（说）呢？
这个同我们的讨论有什么关联呢？
这个同我们的讨论有什么关联呢？
你能举个例子吗？
你能再详细解释吗？
启发假设
我们可以如何假设呢？
你如何证明或推翻这个假设？
推理引证
可以举个什么样的例子呢？
这个类似于什么呢？
你觉得是什么引起了这一事件？为什么？
引出观点
还可以有其他的可能吗？
可以用其他的方式或方法来看待这件事吗？
你能解释为什么这是必要或者有益的吗？
……的强项和弱点是什么？
……和……共同点或相似点是什么？
别的不同的观点可能会是什么？
引出意义结果
你能如何做个总结概括呢？
这个假设会带出什么样的结果呢？
你这么说隐含的意义是什么呢？
这个会如何影响……？
这和我们原来学过的……有什么联系吗？
对问题提问
这个问题的意思是什么？
你认为我为什么会问这个问题？
An Example
T=Teacher S=Student
T. Imagine that it has beenraining for 2 days in an area on the outskirts of Denver, Colorado, duringJuly. Total rainfall for the event is 2 inches. The nearly level terrain iscovered with wheat fields. What happens to the rain?
[Wait at least one minute togive students time to reflect, then call for students to raise their hands ifthey have an answer. If not, choose and call on someone at random.]
S. It runs off the ground.
T. What are you assumingabout the ground if you say that all of a 2-inch rainfall runs off a wheatfield?
[No answer from the student.Student looks perplexed. Teacher poses the question in slightly different way.]
T. Are you assuming that theground is like a sponge that soaks up the water, or a counter top from whichwater runs off?
S. That the ground is like acounter top.
T. Can you give one or morereasons for why your assumption might be valid?
S. No. Not really. I guess itwouldn't be like a counter top, though.
T. Why not?
S. Well, the counter top issolid and hard, and the ground isn't.
T. I could argue that theground is solid (it's not liquid or gas, right?), and it is hard, just like thecounter top. Something else must be different from a counter top. What else isdifferent? Imagine that you're the farmer digging up the soil after a Fallharvest. What does the ground look like?
S. It's dirt.
T. And how is dirt differentthan a counter top?
S. It's crumbly, and loose.
T. Can a pile of dirt, whichconsists of 'crumbs' that actually are small pieces of mineral andorganic matter, absorb water? And if so, how does it do so?
S. Yes, it could absorb waterI think. Water can fill the spaces between the crumbs.
T. So the ground is actuallyporous and permeable if it consists of loose dirt rather than solid rock. Goingback to our original question then, what would happen to the 2 inches ofrainfall?
S. It could soak into theground.
T. And what if it keptraining and raining, for days and days? Would the dirt be able to keep soakingup more and more water?
S. I guess that the holes wouldfill up with water. [Teacher pauses to wait for more response from thestudent.] So, I guess that eventually the water would run off, like the countertop.
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