Francisco Goya
Artist，Painter(1746-1828)
Goya was born on 30 March 1746 in the small town of Fuendetodos near Saragossa to José Francisco de Paula, a gilder, and Gracia Lucientes, a member of an impoverished noble family. At the age of fourteen, Goya began a four-year apprenticeship in Saragossa to José Luzán, an undistinguished painter who had studied in Naples. In 1763 and 1766 Goya unsuccessfully participated in competitions sponsored by the Real Academia de San Fernando, Madrid. Sometime after 1766 he traveled to Italy, where he is documented from 1770 to 1771. An honorable mention in a competition held at the Academia de Parma helped him obtain religious commissions in Saragossa, where he settled by June 1771.
戈雅于1746年3月30日（中国时间：乾隆十一年）在萨拉戈萨附近的穷村庄里降临了，母亲是格雷西亚·卢恩特斯(Gracia Lucientes)，是没落贵族的女儿，父亲是José弗朗西斯科·德·保拉(Francisco de Paula)，是平凡的祭坛镀金匠。
14岁时，戈雅在萨拉戈萨开始了四年的学徒生涯，拜师José Luzán，一个在那不勒斯的普通不知名画家。1763年和1766年，戈雅参加了马德里圣费尔南多皇家研究院主办的绘画比赛，惨败。1766年的某个黄道吉日，他去了意大利，1770年到1771年在那里他混得风生水起。在帕尔马学院举行的一场竞赛中，他获得了至高无上荣誉，帮助他获得了萨拉戈萨的宗教委员会，1771年6月他稳稳的扎下了根。
戈雅：布面油画和细节
Francisco Goya：Oil on canvas and detail
Señora Sabasa Garcia, c. 1806/1811
Medium ：oil on canvas
Dimensions
overall: 71 x 58 cm (27 15/16 x 22 13/16 in.)
framed: 94.6 x 81.3 x 7.6 cm (37 1/4 x 32 x 3 in.)
Credit Line
Andrew W. Mellon Collection
Accession Number
1937.1.88
直到今天，在西班牙萨拉戈萨往南四十公里，有个叫丰德托多斯的村庄村里的一百多位居民，每年接待来自世界各地的上万名游客。他们怀着崇敬之心，拜访那座保持着三百年前面貌的民宅—著名画家弗朗西斯科·戈雅的故居。这位浪漫主义画派的大师，如惊雷一般耿直、勇敢，对这个世界毫无畏惧……
Now, 40 kilometers south of Zaragoza in Spain, the village of Fondetodos has more than 100 residents and receives tens of thousands of tourists from all over the world every year. They pay a respectful visit to the house as it was 300 years ago, the former home of the famous painter Francisco Goya. The master of romantic painting, as straightforward as thunder, brave, fearless of the world...
The Marquesa de Pontejos, c. 1786
West Building, Main Floor - Gallery 52
Medium：oil on canvas
Dimensions：
overall: 210.3 x 127 cm (82 13/16 x 50 in.)
framed: 231.8 x 146.4 cm (91 1/4 x 57 5/8 in.)
Credit Line
Andrew W. Mellon Collection
Accession Number
1937.1.85
01艺术传记
Biography
1773年7月25日，戈雅在马德里迎娶了西班牙宫廷艺术大师弗朗西斯科·巴约的妹妹约瑟法·巴约。巴约为戈雅在皇家织锦厂获得了一个职位，从而极大地帮助了戈雅的事业。到1792年，戈雅为此创作了63幅漫画(其中39幅在1780年之前)。1778年7月，戈雅出版了他的第一组严肃版画:继Velázquez的画作之后，9幅蚀刻版画被皇家收藏。1780年5月，他被一致选举为马德里的学术界成员，1785年3月，他被任命为学术界大咖，自此名利双收。
On 25 July 1773, Goya married in Madrid Josefa Bayeu, the sister of Francisco Bayeu, the leading Spanish artist at court. Bayeu greatly assisted Goya's career by obtaining for him a position at the royal tapestry factory, for which Goya executed sixty-three cartoons by 1792 (thirty-nine of them before 1780). Goya published in July 1778 his first serious group of prints: nine etchings after paintings by Velázquez in the royal collection. He was unanimously elected to the Academia in Madrid in May 1780 and he was appointed deputy director of the Academia in March 1785.
María Teresa de Borbón y Vallabriga, later Condesa de Chinchón, 1783
Medium：oil on canvas
Dimensions：
overall: 134.5 x 117.5 cm (52 15/16 x 46 1/4 in.)
framed: 154.3 x 136.8 x 5.7 cm (60 3/4 x 53 7/8 x 2 1/4 in.)
Ailsa Mellon Bruce Collection
Accession Number
1970.17.123
与戈雅同时代的人都把他奉为肖像画家。1783年，他接受了《佛罗里达的康德》和《因凡特·唐·路易斯》的委托，创作了第一幅重要的肖像画。戈雅很快成为马德里社会主要成员的肖像画家。1786年，查理三世任命戈雅为国王;1789年加冕后不久，查理四世任命他为宫廷画家。
Goya's contemporaries esteemed him most highly as a portraitist. He received his first important portrait commissions in 1783 from the Conde de la Floridablanca and the Infante Don Luis. Goya quickly became established as a portraitist of the leading members of Madrid society. In 1786 Charles III appointed Goya painter to the king; shortly after his coronation in 1789, Charles IV made him court painter..
Workshop of Francisco Goya The Duke of Wellington, c. 1812
Medium：oil on canvas
Dimensions
overall: 105.5 x 83.7 cm (41 9/16 x 32 15/16 in.)
framed: 118.1 x 96.8 cm (46 1/2 x 38 1/8 in.)
Credit Line
Gift of Mrs. P.H.B. Frelinghuysen
Accession Number
1963.4.1
1792年年底，戈雅患上了一种神秘的疾病，在接下来的一年里，他大部分时间都无法活动，永远失聪，这让他重新审视自己作为艺术家的目标。随后，戈雅在《摩羯座》中把幻想和发明发展成强有力的社会评论。《摩羯座》是1799年初出售的一系列80幅蚀刻画，但它们的嘲讽。
Near the end of 1792 Goya fell victim to a mysterious illness that incapacitated him for much of the following year, left him permanently deaf, and caused him to reevaluate his goals as an artist. Goya subsequently developed fantasy and invention into powerful social commentary in the Caprichos, a series of eighty etchings offered for sale early in 1799, but their sardon
02漫画时期
Caricature period
戈雅的个性里充满了冲动、放荡不羁与桀骜不驯，并且从来不将这种感情隐藏在心里，总是毫不隐讳地表达出来。
他不但在艺术上如此，在生活上同样如此。
戈雅的生活后来几乎成了一部传奇，他成天吃喝玩乐、好勇斗狠，更是恋爱调情的高手，为了一场罗曼蒂克的艳遇什么出格的事都敢干。据说他甚至成了萨拉哥莎一个帮派的老大，经常与萨拉哥莎别的帮派斗殴。有一天，在夜间，这种斗殴进行得非常残酷，战斗结束时已经有三个人被打死了，许多人受伤。作为一帮老大的戈雅知道闯下了弥天大祸，赶紧逃之夭夭。他跑到了首都马德里，投奔师兄巴耶。
在西方艺术史上，戈雅是一个鲜明的存在。和平时期，他像一面哈哈镜，照出了上流社会的滑稽与迂腐；战争时期，又化身执笔的斗士，呵斥着手染鲜血的暴徒。即使被病痛折磨，也在用画笔描绘令自己惊惧的"陌生世界"。他并不是那个年代的"人体相机"，直爽、敢言和强烈的个人情感让所有的"戈雅出品"都带着一种特殊的感染力。
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Goya's personality was full of impulsiveness, wildness and obstinacy, and he never hid his feelings in his heart, but always expressed them openly.
Goya's life became almost a legend. He was a glutton, a fighter, a master of flirtation and would do anything out of the ordinary for a romantic encounter. It is said that he even became the boss of a saragossa gang, often fighting with other saragossa gangs. One night the fighting went on so brutally that by the end of it three men had been killed and many wounded. Goya, as the boss of a gang, knew that he had broken into a great disaster and fled quickly. He fled to the capital, Madrid, to join his brother Paie.
现代欧洲绘画始于戈雅。他挣脱传统绘画的种种束缚，采用隐喻、反讽的手法自由而率真地表现对生活的所思所想，反映当代社会生活。与此同时，戈雅也是一位坚定的爱国主义者。他的画作服务于人民，服务于生活。他非常善于以小见大，抓取生活的某个细节或以各种小人物作为创作的对象。戈雅更加注重群众的力量，将原本平凡的人或物赋予史诗般的歌颂与赞美
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