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Various types of air navigation aids are in use today, each serving a special purpose. These aids have varied owners and operators, namely: the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the military services, private organizations, individual states and foreign governments.
The FAA has the statutory authority to establish, operate, maintain air navigation facilities and to prescribe standards for the operation of any of these aids which are used for instrument flight in federally controlled airspace. These aids are tabulated in the Chart Supplement U.S.
当下，有很多导航设施在帮助航空器，这些导航设施有不同的所有者和使用者。
Pilots should be aware of the possibility of momentary erroneous indications on cockpit displays when the primary signal generator for a ground−based navigational transmitter (for example, a glide slope, VOR, or nondirectional beacon) is inoperative. Pilots should disregard any navigation indication, regardless of its apparent validity, if the particular transmitter was identified by NOTAM or otherwise as unusable or inoperative.
对于飞行员来说，最重要的是要认识到当地面导航设施出现不工作的情况时，机载的导航显示会出现可能的错误信息，如果发射机相关设备在通告中或者其他情况下注明不工作或者不能使用，那么飞行员需要忽略其提供的指示，不管它的表面上的有效性。
一、Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB)
a. A low or medium frequency radio beacon transmits non-directional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft properly equipped can determine bearings and “home” on the station. These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), according to ICAO Annex 10 the frequency range for NDBs is between 190 and 1750 kHz, and transmit a continuous carrier with either 400 or 1020 hertz (Hz) modulation. All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three−letter identification in code except during voice transmissions.
一个低频或者中频的无方向性信标台可以确定航空器的位置，根据民航组织附件10，这些设施通常在190至535千赫兹(kHz)的频率范围内运作，NDBs的频率范围在190至1750千赫兹之间，并以400或1020赫兹(Hz)调制传输连续载波。除罗盘定位器外，所有无线电信标都发送连续的三个字母的代码标识，语音传输期间除外。
b. When a radio beacon is used in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System markers, it is called a Compass Locator.
当无线电信标与仪表着陆系统标记一起使用时，它被称为罗盘定位器。
c. Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons unless the letter “W” (without voice) is included in the class designator (HW).
语音传输是在无线电信标上进行的，除非类指示符(HW)中包含字母“W”(没有语音)。
d. Radio beacons are subject to disturbances that may result in erroneous bearing information. Such disturbances result from such factors as lightning, precipitation static, etc. At night, radio beacons are vulnerable to interference from distant stations. Nearly all disturbances which affect the Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) bearing also affect the facility’s identification. Noisy identification usually occurs when the ADF needle is erratic. Voice, music or erroneous identification may be heard when a steady false bearing is being displayed. Since ADF receivers do not have a “flag” to warn the pilot when erroneous bearing information is being displayed, the pilot should continuously monitor the NDB’s identification.
无线电信标受到干扰，可能导致错误的方位信息。这种干扰是由闪电、降水静电等因素引起的。晚上，无线电信标很容易受到远处电台的干扰。几乎所有影响自动测向仪(ADF)轴承的干扰都会影响设备的识别。噪声识别通常发生在ADF针不稳定时。
二、VHF Omni−directional Range (VOR)
a. VORs operate within the 108.0 to 117.95 MHz frequency band and have a power output necessary to provide coverage within their assigned operational service volume. They are subject to line−of−sight restrictions, and the range varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment.
VORs在108.0到117.95MHz频段内工作，并具有在其指定的业务业务量内提供覆盖所需的功率输出。它们受到视线的限制，而且距离与接收设备的高度成比例地变化。
b. Most VORs are equipped for voice transmission on the VOR frequency. VORs without voice capability are indicated by the letter “W” (without voice) included in the class designator (VORW).
大多数 VORs 是装备用来在VOR频率上语音通讯，没有语音能力的VORs使用字母W标识。
c.The only positive method of identifying a VOR is by its Morse Code identification or by the recorded automatic voice identification which is always indicated by use of the word “VOR” following the range’s name. Reliance on determining the identification of an omnirange should never be placed on listening to voice transmissions by the Flight Service Station (FSS) (or approach control facility) involved.
识别VOR台的唯一肯定的方法是通过莫尔斯电码识别或录下的自动语音识别，而自动语音识别总是在该范围的名称后面加上“VOR”一词。绝对不应将确定全向信标的依据放在有关飞行服务站(FSS)(或进近控制设施)的语音传输监听上。
Many FSSs remotely operate several omniranges with different names. In some cases, none of the VORs have the name of the “parent” FSS. During periods of maintenance, the facility may radiate a T−E−S−T code or the code may be removed. Some VOR equipment decodes the identifier and displays it to the pilot for verification to charts, while other equipment simply displays the expected identifier from a database to aid in verification to the audio tones. You should be familiar with your equipment and use it appropriately. If your equipment automatically decodes the identifier, it is not necessary to listen to the audio identification.
许多FSSs远程操作不止一个全向信标台，他们有不同的名字，在一些情况下，没有一个VORs使用和FSS一样的名字，在维修期间，该设备可以发送一个检测代码或者将代码解除，一些VOR设备解码这些标识符号，在飞行员面前显示以便进近图标验证，而其他设备简单的从数据库中显示来帮助验证，管理者应该熟悉你的设备，并适当地使用它。如果设备自动解码标识符，则没有必要侦听音频标识符。
d. Voice identification has been added to numerous VORs. The transmission consists of a voice announcement, “AIRVILLE VOR” alternating with the usual Morse Code identification.
语音识别已经被添加到许多VORs中。传输由声音组成公告，“AIRVILLE VOR”与常用的莫尔斯电码交替识别。
e. The effectiveness of the VOR depends upon proper use and adjustment of both ground and airborne equipment.
VOR的有效性取决于对地面和地面的正确使用和调整机载设备。
三、VHF Omni−directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC)
a. A VORTAC is a facility consisting of two components, VOR and TACAN, which provides three individual services: VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth and TACAN distance (DME) at one site.
Although consisting of more than one component,incorporating more than one operating frequency, and using more than one antenna system, a VORTAC is considered to be a unified navigational aid. Both components of a VORTAC are envisioned as operating simultaneously and providing the three services at all times.
甚高频全向信标和塔康组成的导航设备，提供三个单独的服务:VOR方位角、TACAN方位角和TACAN距离(DME)。虽然VORTAC由多个组件组成，包含多个工作频率，并使用多个天线系统，但它被认为是一个统一的导航辅助设备。VORTAC的两个组件都被设想为同时运行并随时提供三种服务。
b. Transmitted signals of VOR and TACAN are each identified by three−letter code transmission and are interlocked so that pilots using VOR azimuth with TACAN distance can be assured that both signals being received are definitely from the same ground station. The frequency channels of the VOR and the TACAN at each VORTAC facility are “paired” in accordance with a national plan to simplify airborne operation.
VOR和TACAN的发射信号均采用三字母编码传输方式进行识别，并相互锁接，使使用VOR方位角与TACAN距离的飞行员能够保证接收到的信号一定来自同一地面站。VOR和TACAN在每一个VORTAC设施的频率通道是“成对”的，这样能简化起飞操作。
四、Distance Measuring Equipment(DME)
a. In the operation of DME, paired pulses at a specific spacing are sent out from the aircraft (this is the interrogation) and are received at the ground station. The ground station (transponder) then transmits paired pulses back to the aircraft at the same pulse spacing but on a different frequency. The time required for the round trip of this signal exchange is measured in the airborne DME unit and is translated into distance (nautical miles) from the aircraft to the ground station.
在DME的操作中，特定间隔的成对脉冲从飞机上发出(这是审讯)，并在地面站接收。然后地面站(应答器)以相同脉冲间隔但不同频率将成对脉冲传回飞机。这种信号交换往返所需的时间是在机载DME单元中测量的，并转换为从飞机到地面的距离(海里)地面站。
b. Operating on the line−of−sight principle, DME furnishes distance information with a very high degree of accuracy. Reliable signals may be received at distances up to 199 NM at line−of−sight altitude with an accuracy of better than 1/2 mile or 3 percent of the distance, whichever is greater. Distance information received from DME equipment is SLANT RANGE distance and not actual horizontal distance.
基于视线原理，DME提供了非常高的距离信息程度的准确性。在距地面199海里的直线高度上，可以接收到可靠的信号，其精度可超过1/2英里或3%的距离，两者以较大的为准。从DME设备接收到的距离信息是斜距，而不是实际水平距离。
c. Operating frequency range of a DME according to ICAO Annex 10 is from 960 MHz to 1215 MHz.Aircraft equipped with TACAN equipment will receive distance information from a VORTAC automatically, while aircraft equipped with VOR must have a separate DME airborne unit.
根据民航组织附件10,DME的工作频率范围为960兆赫至1215兆赫。配备TACAN设备的飞机将从VORTAC接收距离信息自动，而飞机配备VOR必须有一个单独的DME机载组件。
d. VOR/DME, VORTAC, Instrument Landing System (ILS)/DME, and localizer (LOC)/DME navigation facilities established by the FAA provide course and distance information from collocated components under a frequency pairing plan. Aircraft receiving equipment which provides for automatic DME selection assures reception of azimuth and distance information from a common source when designated VOR/DME, VORTAC, ILS/DME, and LOC/DME are selected.
VOR/DME、VORTAC、仪表着陆系统(ILS)/DME和定位器(LOC)/DME，美国联邦航空局(FAA)建立的这些导航设施根据频率配对计划，从配置好的部件提供航向和距离信息。当选定VOR/DME、VORTAC、ILS/DME和LOC/DME时，提供自动DME选择的飞机接收设备确保接收来自这些公共源的方位角和距离信息。
e. Due to the limited number of available frequencies, assignment of paired frequencies is required for certain military non collocated VOR and TACAN facilities which serve the same area but which may be separated by distances up to a few miles.
由于可用频率的数量有限，某些军事非共置VOR和TACAN设施需要分配成对的频率，它们服务于同一地区，但可能相隔几英里。
f. VOR/DME, VORTAC, ILS/DME, and LOC/ DME facilities are identified by synchronized identifications which are transmitted on a time share basis. The VOR or localizer portion of the facility is identified by a coded tone modulated at 1020 Hz or a combination of code and voice. The TACAN or DME is identified by a coded tone modulated at 1350 Hz. The DME or TACAN coded identification is transmitted one time for each three or four times that the VOR or localizer coded identification is transmitted. When either the VOR or the DME is inoperative, it is important to recognize which identifier is retained for the operative facility. A single coded identification with a repetition interval of approximately 30 seconds indicates that the DME
is operative.
VOR/DME、VORTAC、ILS/DME和LOC/ DME设施由同步的按分时传输的标识识别。设备的VOR或航向道部分由以1020赫兹调制的编码音调或代码和语音的组合来识别。该塔康或DME是由一个编码音调调制在1350赫兹。DME或TACAN编码识别每传输三或四次，VOR或航向道编码识别，传输一次。当VOR或DME不起作用时，重要的是要识别可操作的设备保留了哪个标识符。一个重复间隔约为30秒的单一编码标识表明DME是有效的。
g. Aircraft equipment which provides for automatic DME selection assures reception of azimuth and distance information from a common source when designated VOR/DME, VORTAC and ILS/DME navigation facilities are selected.
提供自动DME选择的飞机设备，确保接收方位角指定VOR/DME、VORTAC和ILS/时，从公共源获取的距离信息选择DME导航设施。
Pilots are cautioned to disregard any distance displays from automatically selected DME equipment when VOR or ILS facilities, which do not have the DME feature installed, are being used for position determination.
当VOR或ILS设备(没有安装DME功能)被用于确定位置时，飞行员需要小心要忽略自动选择的DME设备提供的距离显示。
To Be Continued.......
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