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Rheumatoid Arthritis
类风湿关节炎
Bones provide support for the body and aid in its movement. The place where two or more bones meet is called a joint. Joints may be immovable, slightly movable, or freely moveable. A synovial membrane surrounds movable joints. Inside the membrane, synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes joint tissue, such as cartilage. Articular cartilage is a tough slippery covering on the ends of the bones, which allow smooth joint movement. Joints give the body flexibility, precision of movement, and help in supporting the body's weight.
骨骼支撑身体并支持身体运动。两块或多块骨骼连接处称为关节。关节可为不可活动，轻微活动或自由活动关节。滑膜包饶在可活动关节周围。滑膜内的滑液润滑并滋养关节内的组织，例如软骨。关节软骨是一种覆盖在骨末端的坚硬而光滑的组织，使关节平稳活动。关节赋予身体灵活性，使人体精准运动，并有助于支撑身体的重量。
Arthritis is any disorder that affects joints. It can cause pain and inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis is the second most common type of arthritis. The joints most commonly affected are in the wrists, hands, knees, ankles, and feet. It typically occurs at the same joint on both sides of the body. It can also affect other organs in the body, such as the eyes, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, nervous system, and digestive tract.
关节炎指任何影响关节的疾病，可引起疼痛和炎症。类风湿关节炎是第二种最常见的关节炎类型，最常受累关节是腕关节，手关节，膝关节，踝关节和足关节，通常发生于身体两侧的同一关节处。它也可能累及身体其他器官，如眼、皮肤、心脏、肺、肾脏、神经系统和消化道。
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. This means the body attacks itself by mistake. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks joint and organ tissues. Here's how it happens, the white blood cells of the immune system move into the joint. They release chemicals called cytokines, which attack the cells of the synovial membrane. These chemicals cause synovial cells to release other destructive substances. They also cause the synovial membrane to grow new blood vessels and form a thickened area called a pannus.
类风湿关节炎是一种自身免疫性疾病，即身体错误地进行自我攻击。类风湿关节炎患者的免疫系统攻击关节和器官组织。以下是该病的发病机制，免疫系统内的白细胞进入关节，释放细胞因子，攻击滑膜细胞。细胞因子可导致滑膜细胞释放其他破坏性物质，也可使滑膜生长出新血管，并形成增厚区域，即滑膜翳。
Over time, as the pannus grows, it invades and destroys areas of cartilage and bone inside the joint. Inflammation causes fluid buildup in the joint, making the joint swell. Eventually without treatment, the joint space narrows and ankylosis can occur. Ankylosis is fusion or growing together of bones in the joint. This results in the loss of the ability to move the joint.
随着时间的推移，滑膜翳逐渐生长，侵入并破坏关节内的软骨和骨骼。炎症导致关节内积液，引起关节肿胀。最终，如果不治疗，关节间隙变窄，发生关节强直。关节强直指关节中的骨骼融合或生长在一起，致使关节失去活动的能力。
There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis. However, doctors commonly prescribe various combinations of the following medications that when taken together can reduce inflammation and pain, and slow down joint damage. These include, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, steroids, and standard disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or DMARDs. If standard DMARDs aren't working, doctors may prescribe newer drugs called biologics, also known as biologic DMARDs. Physical and occupational therapy along with low impact exercise can increase muscle strength and help keep joints limber.
类风湿关节炎无法治愈。然而，医生通常开具以下各种药物组合进行治疗，缓解炎症和疼痛，减缓关节损伤。这些药物包括非甾体抗炎药（NSAID），类固醇和标准缓解疾病的抗风湿药物(DMARDs)。如果标准DMARD无效，医生可能使用新药，即生物制剂（也称生物制剂DMARD）治疗。理疗和职业疗法以及低强度运动可增强肌肉力量，并有助于保持关节灵活性。
For severe rheumatoid arthritis that has not been helped by other treatments, a doctor may recommend a surgical procedure. For example, a joint replacement procedure, also known as an arthroplasty, may be recommended. For joints that are difficult to replace, joint fusion, also known as arthrodesis, may be recommended. During this procedure, the joint is removed, and the bones are fused together with bone graft.
对于应用其他治疗方法病情未改善的严重类风湿关节炎患者，医生可能推荐手术治疗，如关节置换术，或关节成形术。关节难以置换的患者可推荐进行关节融合术，也称关节固定术。术中，医生将切除关节，将骨骼与骨移植物融合在一起。
Another surgical procedure for severe rheumatoid arthritis is a synovectomy. During this procedure, the synovial membrane surrounding the joint is removed. In some cases, an arthritic joint may need to be replaced with an artificial joint. For more information, talk to a health care provider.
严重类风湿关节炎的另一种手术治疗方法是滑膜切除术。术中，医生将切除关节周围的滑膜。某些患者的病变关节可能需要使用人工关节替换。更多信息，请咨询医疗人员。
相关单词学习
Rheumatoid
发音和释义
rheu·ma·toid/'ruməˌtɔɪd/ adj. 风湿病的，类风湿病的
英译：relating to, affected by, or resembling rheumatism.
单词 rheumatoid 由下列成分构成
rheum【医】【=rheumatic】风湿性的
+
-oid（后缀）类似的;相像的
（健康关节 vs 类风湿关节炎）
Ankylosis
an·ky·lo·sis/ˌæŋkɪˈloʊsɪs/n. 关节强直;关节强硬
英译：abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones.
单词 ankylosis 由下列成分构成
ankylo- 〈构词成分〉粘连;〈构词成分〉弯曲
+
-osis（后缀）病变状态;形成；增多;动作；过程；状态
（关节强直的症状）
Arthrodesis
ar·throd·e·sis/ɑθ'roʊdisɪs/ n. 关节融合术
英译：The surgical fixation of a joint to promote bone fusion, used to treat intractable pain.
单词 arthrodesis 由下列成分构成
arthro-（前缀）〈构词成分〉与关节有关
+
-desis【医】（后缀）固定，融合（术）
（踝关节三关节融合术）
Synovectomy
syn·o·vec·to·my/sɪnə'vektəmɪ/ n. 滑膜切除术
英译：surgical removal of a synovial membrane.
单词 synovectomy 由下列成分构成
synovia 关节滑膜组织;滑液关节;关节液;关节滑液;滑液
+
-ectomy（构词成分）切除术;截除
（局部踝关节滑膜切除术）
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