Neurons typically send signals over long distances by generating and propagating action potentials over excitable axonal membrane.
Learning Objectives
Action potential is a brief reversal of membrane potential where the membrane potential changes from -70mV to +30mV. When the membrane potential of the axon hillock of a neuron reaches threshold, a rapid change in membrane potential occurs in the form of an action potential.
This moving change in membrane potential has three phases. First is depolarization, followed by repolarization and a short period of hyperpolarization. These three events happen over just a few milliseconds.
Action potential: A. Schematic and B. actual action potential recordings. The action potential is a clear example of how changes in membrane potential can act as a signal.
The propagation of action potential is independent of stimulus strength but dependent on refractory periods. The period from the opening of the sodium channels until the sodium channels begin to reset is called the absolute refractory period. During this period, the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus, no matter how strong.
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