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【医学前沿】藏毛性疾病管理实践参数

由美国结直肠外科医师协会标准实践工作组编写

素材来源|陈文平

文章编辑|小马医盟

        美国结直肠外科医师学会(ASCRS)致力于推动结肠直肠肛门疾病的研究、预防和治疗,向患者提供优质医疗。临床实践指南委员会由学会经验丰富的结直肠外科专家组成,成立该委员会旨在引领国际,为治疗结直肠肛门相关疾病提供优质医疗,根据可获得的最佳证据制定临床实践指南。本指南是包容性的,而不是教条性的,适用于所有从业人员、卫生保健工作者和患者,他们希望了解这些指导方针所涉及疾病的管理情况。他们的目的是做出诊疗方案前给临床医生提供一些可供参考的信息,而不是规定一种具体的治疗方式。

        应当认识到,这些指导方针不是包括所有适合的治疗方法,也不能排除那些合理的、能够取得同样效果的治疗方法。对于任何特定手术或干预方法的适当性的最终判断,必须由医生根据病人提供的所有疾病情况而个体化作出。

方法

        截止2011年12月,完成对MEDLINE、PubMed、Embase和Cochrane数据库有组织、有计划的文献检索。关键词包括藏毛性疾病(pilonidal disease)、 藏毛窦(pilonidal sinus)、藏毛囊肿(pilonidal cyst)、藏毛脓肿(pilonidal abscess)、复发(recurrence)、臀裂(gluteal cleft)、臀沟(natal cleft)、瘘(fistula)、皮瓣(flap)、臀沟抬高(cleft-lift), 以及相关文献。在选定情况下,还可以对来自主要文章的嵌入式引用进行定向搜索。虽然不是排他性的,大部分作者均集中于英文文献和成人研究。推荐由主要作者制定,并由整个标准委员会重新审核,最终的推荐等级采用GRADE (table 1)【1】。

问题陈述

        藏毛性疾病是一种潜在的致残性疾病,每年仅在美国就会影响约70,000人【2】。尽管在临床中经常遇到,但自1833年Mayo第一次描述这种疾病以来,其病因和最佳治疗一直存在争议【3】。尽管最初认为该病是先天性疾病,继发于臀沟区域的皮肤异常【4】,但目前广泛接受的藏毛性疾病发病理论是后天获得性理论,与臀沟中存在毛发密切相关【5】。在臀沟皮肤的疏松毛发产生异物反应,最终导致中线陷凹的形成,在某种情况下,继发感染【6,7】。藏毛性疾病的表现各不相同,从慢性感染区域和/或窦道持续分泌到急性脓肿存在或广泛皮下瘘道均可发生。目前治疗方法很多,包括臀沟去毛、简单切除到广泛的皮瓣技术等。该实践参数着重于藏毛性疾病的评估与管理。

初始评估

1.对患者进行特异性病史采集和体格检查,强调症状、危险因素和继发感染的存在。推荐等级:基于低等质量证据的强推荐,1C。

        根据病人病史和臀沟专科检查,特别是慢性或复发性疾病患者,藏毛性疾病的临床诊断非常容易。然而,将藏毛性疾病与其他疾病或并发疾病进行鉴别诊断也是非常重要的,如化脓性汗腺炎、皮肤疖肿、克罗恩病、肛瘘、以及结核、梅毒、放线菌病的感染过程等【8】。检查中,藏毛性疾病患者几乎总可见到特征性中线陷凹的存在,有时可在开口中挤出毛发和碎屑。此外,在急性感染中可存在蜂窝织炎,疼痛性、波动性包块提示有脓肿的存在,慢性感染通常表现为臀沟慢性窦道分泌和/或反复发作的急性感染。详细的直肠检查同样非常重要,以评估是否有并发瘘管性疾病、克罗恩病或其他肛管直肠源性的疾病存在【9】。骶前包块尽管非常罕见,也可以通过直肠指诊予以排除。实验室检查或X线检查通常不作为常规推荐。

治疗

A非手术治疗

1. 在没有脓肿的情况下,臀沟剃毛可作为急慢性藏毛性疾病的主要或辅助治疗手段。推荐等级:基于低等质量证据的强推荐,1C。

        剃毛对初次手术治疗有辅助作用,也可预防复发,研究表明【10】:剃毛连同保持局部卫生和有效的侧切口及脓肿引流可减少总住院天数、减少手术次数,与各种侵入性手术相比,可更快的返回工作岗位。臀沟和周围区域剃毛可作为术后治疗的标准程序【9,11,12】,尽管对于总体治愈率的确切贡献是有限的,但剃毛显然是安全的,最多也是小的增加额外发病率。大多数研究的剃毛方法和范围都比较随意,故最有效的剃毛频率和范围目前仍不清楚。激光脱毛和剃毛类似,也被证明有提高初发和复发藏毛窦治愈率的作用【13,15】,尽管还没有充足证据证明其可作为常规推荐。


2.纤维蛋白胶和石碳酸注射可用于部分慢性藏毛窦疾病的治疗。推荐等级,基于低等证据的弱推荐,2C。

        石碳酸注射至窦道直至填满,注意保护周围正常皮肤,镊子去除窦道毛发和碎屑,加上局部剃毛可用于藏毛窦的治疗。小的病例序列证明成功率在60-95%【16-19】。即使是慢性复发性藏毛窦,长期随访发现,石碳酸注射加上局部每周一次褪毛膏可降低其后续复发率(0-11%)【20,21】。

        纤维蛋白胶可用于不同的情况:简单的窦道刮除后【22】,病灶切除,需一期关闭的创口基底部【23】,以及原始窦道侧切需一期闭合的创口【24】等。尽管大部分研究都是小样本,报道治愈率为90-100%,早期和中长期随访发现有损伤小和复发率低的优点。


3.尽管对严重蜂窝织炎、有潜在免疫抑制或全身系统性疾病的患者可考虑口服或静脉使用抗生素,但抗生素在急慢性藏毛性疾病中的治疗作用有限。推荐等级:基于低等证据的强推荐,1C。

        抗生素的应用在以下3种情况下进行独立评估:围手术期预防、术后治疗、局部应用。预防使用中,有限的数据表明,在切除前和伤口关闭前使用单次静脉注射,与未使用抗生素相比,伤口并发症或愈合率方面没有差异【25,26】。一项小样本随机盲法研究比较了预防性使用单剂量甲硝唑与头孢呋辛,和术前使用甲硝唑随后连续口服5天Augmentin,结果发现术后1周内伤口感染方面无明显差异(尽管单剂量组的伤口感染率在2周和4周更高)【27】。在病灶切除,伤口一期关闭后,对比了围手术期预防使用1-4d甲硝唑和氨苄西林,结果发现两组在伤口愈合方面没有差异【28】。

        抗生素在术后的应用中,尽管缺乏大规模数据,但结果显示好坏参半。作为慢性藏毛性疾病一期切除的辅助治疗,将采用二期愈合、一期关闭与一期关闭加2周克林霉素治疗进行比较,结果显示各组之间在治愈率和复发率方面均无差异【29】。3组中,只有二期愈合组与延迟愈合相关。另一方面,慢性藏毛窦切除伤口二期愈合,加用14d甲硝唑或甲硝唑联合红霉素治疗,结果显示,使用抗生素组相对愈合时间较短【30】。此外,抗生素组中是否联合红霉素在伤口愈合方面无差异。其他的研究对比了不同抗生素单一使用和联合使用更长疗程的治疗方案,但没有显示出任何明显优势。

        目前,关于局部抗生素治疗藏毛性疾病的数据有限且存在冲突。有一份报告显示,慢性藏毛性疾病切除术后或急性藏毛性疾病引流后,采用可吸收胶原蛋白海绵浸渍庆大霉素包扎,与没有抗生素包扎相比,伤口愈合率明显更高(86%与35%,p<>

        总体来说,抗生素局部或全身应用的效用仍不清楚。尽管特定情况、且证据有限,但在存在严重蜂窝织炎、有潜在免疫抑制或伴随系统疾病的情况下,应考虑辅助使用抗生素【7–9,34】。


B手术治疗

1.急性藏毛性疾病患者以局部脓肿为特征,无论是原发性还是复发性,均应予以切开引流治疗。推荐等级:基于中等质量证据的强推荐,1B。

        对于藏毛脓肿,无论合并或不合并蜂窝织炎,充分的手术引流才是最主要的治疗策略。对于首次发病的急性藏毛脓肿,在简单的切开引流术后,据报道总体愈合率为0-60%,而其余的患者则需要二次确定手术【35】。脓肿引流并不一定能治愈潜在的疾病。完全愈合的患者随后复发率约为10-15%,多个pits和侧方窦道与高复发率相关。在一项研究中,中位随访时间60月,总体治愈率为76%【35】。

        在一项随机试验中,急性藏毛脓肿患者采用切开引流联合或不联合刮除脓腔炎性组织【36】,刮除与术后10周较高完全愈合率相关(96% vs 79%, p = 0.001),也与术后65月较低的复发率有关(10% vs 54%, p <>


2.慢性藏毛性疾病需手术治疗,采用病灶切除一期闭合(考虑偏离中线闭合)、病灶切除伤口二期愈合、或病灶切除袋形缝合,可根据医生和患者的偏好而定,引流管放置也根据个体化决定。推荐等级:基于中等质量证据的强推荐,1B。

        慢性藏毛性疾病包括有一定完全愈合间期的复发性脓肿或持续不愈合的,持续流脓的创口,其外科治疗通常分为2类:病灶切除伤口一期闭合(包括不同的皮瓣技术)与病灶切除伤口二期愈合(包括袋形缝合)。

        在病灶切除中线一期缝合于病灶切除伤口二期愈合的对比中,在多个前瞻性随机试验中,有一个统一的显著趋势,即一期缝合有更快的中位治愈率(范围,23-65d)【25,38–42】。此外,有一些证据表明,一期缝合患者重返工作的速度会更快【39,41,43】。尽管有这些优点,2010年Cochrane系统回顾显示,尽管开放伤口有更低的复发率,但与手术一期缝合相比并没有明显优势(相对风险 0.42; 95% CI, 0.26–0.66)【44】,这被非集中的数据所抵消,这表明开放组(范围,41-91天)和一期缝合组(范围,10-27天)相比,其愈合时间更长。11项单独的研究,包括9项研究直接对比了中线缝合于开放愈合,结果显示,与病灶切除一期缝合相比,伤口二期愈合可将疾病复发性风险预计降低60%【29,39–41,43,45–50】。

        直接比较切除联合袋形缝合与一期缝合的数据是有限而相互矛盾的,一般来说,一期缝合可改善愈合时间但有更高的复发率【11,48,51】。有一个原则,那就是偏移中线缝合相比直接中线缝合似乎有明显的优势,表现为更快的愈合时间,更低的伤口并发症发生率和更低的复发率【52–56】。

        在伤口一期关闭后引流管的放置也有介绍,可用于坏死组织的引流,也可用于创口基底部的冲洗【57】。一项慢性藏毛性疾病的非随机研究发现,一期缝合后放置引流管与较低的伤口完全裂开率和更快的愈合率相关,尽管复发率是类似的【58】。其他的病例序列在伤口一期闭合后放置负压引流2-6d,结果显示有较低的并发症发生率(0%–10%),没有因为引流直接导致的并发症,治愈率>85%【57,59,60】。当与皮瓣技术相结合时,引流可减少伤口积液的发生率,但在伤口感染和复发率方面没有差异【61-64】。引流的应用根据每个医生的偏好和每个患者的具体情况而定。


3.对于复杂性和采用其他技术治疗失败、多次复发的慢性藏毛性疾病,可采用皮瓣技术治疗。推荐等级:基于中等质量证据的强推荐,1B。

        对于慢性藏毛性疾病,通常已有多次手术史,可采用几种皮瓣技术以切除病灶同时采用健康组织覆盖缺损组织。在某些情况下,不管对于原发性还是复发性藏毛窦,可通过软组织重建来改变臀沟形态以试图减少疾病复发【65】。

        菱形皮瓣或Limberg皮瓣是在骶骨筋膜背侧切除所有窦道,采用筋膜瓣旋转抬高臀沟,以治疗大面积或难治性藏毛性疾病,总体结果对疾病复发(0%-6%)和患者耐受性有利【52,53,66–68】。随机试验数据发现,手术部位感染的总体发生率较低(0%-6%)【52,53,55,68】。其他数据表明,菱形皮瓣于V-Y皮瓣相比,复发率显著降低,尽管在伤口并发症、血肿形成或住院时间方面没有差异【69】。

        Karydakis皮瓣是将皮下筋膜游离与骶尾部筋膜固定,同时皮肤采用偏移中线缝合。1992年,Karydakis回顾了他个人采用该术式治疗的超过6000例患者,复发率<2%,伤口并发症发生率为8%【5】。更近的前瞻性非随机数据表明,伤口并发症发生率为7%,复发率<1%【59】。采用该技术的其他病例序列也有类似发现(复发率<5%,局部并发症发生率9-21%)【70,71】,有更多的数据显示吸烟和肥胖是创口并发症的预测因子【72】。有一项随机对照研究对比了Karydakis技术与开放术式,结果显示Karydakis复发率为6%,伤口并发症发生率为20%,随访3年总体愈合率为98%【50】。

        有两项随机试验对比了Limberg与Karydakis皮瓣技术的治疗结果【73,74】,结果显示两种皮瓣技术的临床结果相当,但一项研究表明Karydakis皮瓣有更高的感染率【74】,通常认为Karydakis皮瓣更容易学习掌握。

        臀沟抬高技术也是基于皮瓣覆盖、偏移中线缝合,完全消除臀沟。Bascom and Bascom【75】报道成功治疗了28例复发性复杂藏毛性疾病。他们对69例难治性藏毛性疾病的随访观察中发现有96%的成功率【65】。其他的病例序列研究发现无论对于触发性还是复发性病例,治愈率为80-95%【76-78】。随机数据显示,复发率稍高12%【56】。Bascom的另一种技术,是采用侧方切开引流,中线陷凹切除闭合,有研究采用该技术治疗初发病例,结果表明可提高治愈率,复发率类似【79】。

        其他几种皮瓣技术也用于藏毛性疾病的治疗,包括V-Y皮瓣推移和Z形皮瓣成型技术,具有较小的伤口并发症,治愈率>90%,有研究报道V-Y皮瓣推移有较低的复发率【80-82】。

复发性藏毛性疾病的管理

 

1.复发性藏毛性疾病的手术策略应区分急性(section B1)和慢性(section B2)情况,需考虑外科医生的临床经验和技术水平。推荐等级:基于低等质量证据的强推荐。

         尽管复发是常见问题,本指南中罗列的各种手术方法的复发率已获证明,目前仍缺乏相应的证据来明确指导复发性藏毛性疾病的治疗。诸如急性脓肿或慢性炎症等因素、以及之前的治疗方法(如之前的皮瓣技术)都有助于治疗决策的制定。有一项随机试验仅纳入了复发性藏毛性疾病患者,对比了非对称皮瓣与经典的菱形皮瓣技术,结果显示非对称皮瓣有更低的伤口感染率(3% vs 23%),更低的复发率,更短的住院时间和更快的重返工作时间【83】。其他的随机试验,纳入了新发或复发患者,结果显示采用不同的皮瓣技术可获得较好的治疗结果【48,54】,切除一期缝合、和切除伤口二期愈合【29,49】等也可用于这些难治性疾病的治疗。然而,反复出现的症状可能预示着一个不同问题,外科医生需要保持警惕以排除慢性直肠病变等潜在异常病因,包括IBD、免疫缺陷和皮肤肿瘤等。

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