如果你正在学习英语或试图提高你的写作技能,那么了解如何写出清晰、有效、易懂的句子是很重要的。
要想结构好句子,首先要陈述主语,避免被动语态,并注重清晰度。避免写只表达部分想法或将太多想法结合在一起的句子。
一、有效句子的构成
1、句子以主语开始,然后是动词和宾语
这种结构通常用于构建英语中的句子,缩写为 SVO。用不同的语序书写的句子通常看起来令人困惑,因此与其写“A jump was made by the cat onto the piano”,不如写“The cat jumped onto the piano”,后者更清晰明了。
- 主语是做动作的人或事(如上句中的 the cat)。
- 宾语是对其进行动作的人或事(如上句中的 the piano)。
- SVO 结构用于创建简单的句子。当你创建复合句时,你会添加到这个基本结构中。
当你用主动语态写作时,你可以清楚地表明谁或什么在执行特定的动作。在大多数情况下,使用被动语态会导致句子松散且可能歧义。被动语态的句子也经常有一个混乱、令人困惑的结构。因此,首先陈述你句子的主语,并澄清主语正在进行的动作,例如:- 松散或混乱:The trash was taken out by my mother before my little sister was dropped off by the school bus.
- 清晰明了:My mother took out the trash before the bus dropped off my little sister.
如果一段话中的每个句子都以相似的短语开头,长度大致相同,或者单词模式相似,那么这些句子就会开始显得枯燥和重复。为了避免这种情况,请改变句子结构。试着让一些句子变长,用连词和分号连接句子,让其他句子更短更直接。- 你可以通过在两个短句之间加一个逗号和一个连词,将它们组合成一个长句,这两个短句是独立的句子。你可以通过使用首字母缩写 FANBOYS来记住连词,它们分别是 for,and,but,or,yet 和 so 的首字母组合成的。
- 如果你有一个完整的句子和一个不完整的或从属的句子,你可以把它们组合成一个带逗号的复句,或用连词来连接,比如 because,since,while 或 although。
- 在句子的开头添加过渡词和短语,来流转你的思路或想法。否则,你的句子可能会显得杂乱无章。
所以,不要写这样的句子:“First, I went to the supermarket. Then, I went to the art-supply store. Then, I bought a sandwich for lunch.”相反,可以把结构改成这样:“My first errand was a trip to the supermarket. After that I went to the art-supply store before buying a sandwich for lunch.”当句子变长时,很容易忘记你写句子的时态。几乎在所有情况下,在句子中间切换动词时态既令人困惑又容易出现语法错误,例如:- 时态不一致: Jen drove to the mall and will buy a pair of jeans.
- 时态一致: Jen drove to the mall and bought a pair of jeans.
如果你创建的句子描述了两个或两个以上的对象或动作,则必须使用相同的语法术语来描述不同的元素。如果描述不平行,这个句子就会变得混乱。保持动词时态不变是保持并列结构的重要组成部分,例如:- 动词形式不一致: On my day off, I enjoy stopping at the bank, mow the lawn, and have a conversation with my neighbor.
- 动词形式一致: On my day off, I enjoy stopping at the bank, mowing the lawn, and having a conversation with my neighbor.
如果你不想使用句点或连词来连接两个独立的子句,请在子句之间放一个分号。添加分号是将两个简单句子转换为一个复合句子的好方法,可以将主要思想密切相关的句子连接起来,例如:- If you get an opportunity; stop at the store on your drive home, I’d like a gallon of milk.
- If you get an opportunity, stop at the store on your drive home; I’d like a gallon of milk.
7、在句子中加一个冒号以引入一个列表或一个名词短语也可以用冒号表示句子中的引用。冒号将后面的单词隔开,并引起人们的注意。如果你在一个句子中省略了冒号,它会有一种尴尬的感觉,并使读者感到困惑,例如:- I had three classes on campus today: Chemistry, Physics, and American Literature.
- As they made their getaway, the bank robbers forgot something important: the loot from the safe.
要组合两个独立完整的句子,请在它们之间加一个逗号和一个FANBOYS。另一种选择是,使用逗号来设置从属或从属连词。同样,你会在描述性从句的两边加上逗号,将其与句子的其余部分区分开来,例如:- I finished my homework early today, so my best friend came over to hang out.
- Since my grades are good this semester, my parents said I can have a party this weekend.
- I want to try that new pizza place, the one with pepperoni on its sign, when we go out on Friday.
句子片段是指缺少主语、动词或宾语的不完整句子。为了解决这个问题,加上缺失的部分,例如:- 缺少动词:The fluorescent bulb in the overhead light.
- 完整:The fluorescent bulb in the overhead light burned out.
或者,用句号将融合的句子分成两个单独的句子。当两个(或多个)完整的句子放在一起,中间没有任何标点符号时,就会出现融合句。纠正融合句最有效的方法是在两个融合句之间加一个句号(或其他结束标点)。根据需要纠正语法,使句子有意义。- Many of Shakespeare’s sonnets are about love they compare the speaker’s lover to various objects found in nature.
- Many of Shakespeare’s sonnets are about love. The poems compare the speaker’s lover to various objects found in nature.
当两个独立子句仅用一个逗号连接在一起时,就会出现逗号连接句。通过将逗号替换为句点(或其他结束标点)来分隔以前由逗号拼接连接的句子,从而解决此问题。或者,通过在两个子句之间放置一个连词来修复逗号连接句,例如:- The condition of the economy has been improving, many factors have caused this change.
- The condition of the economy has been improving. Many factors have caused this change.
- The condition of the economy has been improving, and many factors have caused this change.
从句以 because 和 although 等词开头,并为读者提供有用的(但不是必要的)信息。
从属关系过多的句子往往会让人觉得臃肿,包含的信息比读者处理的还要多。为了解决这个问题,把句子分成2-3个更小、更清晰的句子,例如:- 太多的从句:Steve wanted to go out for lunch because he hadn’t eaten for 8 hours, although one look at his wallet made him change his mind since he had no money.
- Steve wanted to go out for lunch because he hadn’t eaten for 8 hours. However, one look at his wallet made him change his mind. He had no money.
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