英语语法省略
一，在由and连接的句子中，为避免重复常省略一些重复的词或词组。
1. 省略共同的主语或宾语。
Mr. Smith picked up a coin in the road and (Mr.Smith)handed it to a policeman.
2. 若主语不同而谓语助动词，情态动词相同，则省略后面的助动词或情态动词。
Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been)doing her homework.
3. 若主语与谓语动词相同，则省略后面的主谓成分。
His advice made me happy, but (his advice made) Jim angry.
4. 若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动词及后续部分。
I was born in winter in 1988 and Bob ( was born in winter) in 1989.
5. 省略重复的介词，连词及后续部分。
He was late because he had overslept and ( because he had) missed the train.
二，状语从句的省略。
1. 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as, whether等引导的状语从句中，若谓 语有be, 而主语有跟主句主语相同或是it时，则从句的主语和be常被省略。
As (he was) young, he was a store-keeper.
His opimion, whether (it is) right or wrong , would be considered.
2. 在as, than, however, whatever, no matter what等引导的从句中常省略某些成分。
Anyone, no matter who (he is), may point out our shortcomings.
I can only do it the way as ( I was) told to (do it that way).
3. 虚拟条件句常省略if, 将were, had, should 提前构成部分倒装。
Should there be a flood =(If there should be a flood), what should we do?
4. 有些状语从句置于句末，可作句尾省略，有时可省略整个从句。
John will go there if my brother will (go).
I would have come yesterday (if I had wanted to ).
三，定语从句和名词性从句中的省略。
1. 在限定性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom, which, that可省略；在以the same…as和such as引出的某些定语从句中，也可省略与主句相同部分。
The girl (who\whom\that) the teacher spoke to is Liu Ying.
I don't like such books as this (is).
2. 定语从句中的'主语+系动词be'可以省略。
The goods (which were) ordered last month haven't arrived yet.
3. 在know, think, consider, suppose, find, believe, say, decide等动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that可以省略；若带有多个宾语从句，只有第一个that可省略，其余的则不能。
I think (that) it will clear up(转晴)this afternoon.
He said(that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
4. 由which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省略。
He will come back, but he does't know when ( he will come back).
5. 在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式'should+动词原形'，should可省略。
The officer ordered that his men (should) fire.
It is suggested that we (should) go to see the flim.
四，复合句中特殊的省略现象。
1. 主句省略多用于句首，在答句中，主句或者一些成分可全部省略。
(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to mary's birthday party yesterday.
2. 省略一个从句或从句的一部分，可用so或not代替。
1) --She may not be free today.
--If so (so=she is not free today), we will have to report the manager.
2) --Is he feeling better today?
--I'm afraid not(not=he isn't feeling better today).
五，动词不定式省略，只保留to的场合。
1. 不定式作某些动词的宾语时，常见动词如like, love, care, hope, wish, expect, afford, forget, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige（强迫）,advice, persuade, agree, want, remember, manage等。
You can do it this way if you care to.
--You should have thanked her before you left.
--I mean to , but when I was leaving I could't find her anywhere.
2. 不定式在句中作某些动词后的宾补或主补时，常见的有ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit等。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow to.
3. 不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见形容词如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready等。
I think she should get a job, but you can't force her to if she's not ready to
--I'll be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat?
--Not at all. I'd be happy to.
4. 不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如be able to, be going to , have to, ought to, used to等。
He doesn't like fish but he used to.
注意,当省略的内容是作动词用的have或be的任何形式时,to 后面保留原形have或be.
He didn't come, but he ought to have.
Alice is not what she used to be.
六，动词不定式符号to 的省略。
1. 主语部分有to do, 系动词是 is或was时，作表语的不定式通常省略to.
The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
2. 作介词but, except, besides的宾语时，前面有实义动词do时，常省略不定式符号to.
Tom had nothing to do besides answer betters this morning.
3. 当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可省略，但有对比关系时则不省略。
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4. 在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have make, let, leave, observe等词后作宾语补足语时，省略不定式符号to；Why (not)do结构中不定式不带to.
Did you notice her enter the room?
why not join us?
七，介词的省略。
1. 一些常和动名词、形容词一起搭配的介词常省略，而保留其后的 动名词，常见的句型有spend/waste time(in)doing, lose no time(in)doing, have difficult/trouble (in) doing, be busy (in) doing, stop/prevent sb. (from) doing 等。
The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.
She lost no time(in) giving the patient first aid.
2. 表示时间的介词at, on和in 用在next, last, this, these, yesterday, tomorrow, one, any, every, each, some, all等词之前，一般皆省略，表示一段时间状语之前的for 也可省略。
We go to school every day except Sunday.
We have been here (for) three weeks.(否定句中不能省略for).
3. 表示行为方式的in在in this way, in the same way, in another way等词组中，经常被省略。
He did it (in) this way.
八，会话中的省略。
省略在会话中应用广泛，无论是回答别人问题，还是在接别人说话时都会发生，否则就觉得累赘。
--Do you like this shirt?
--Yes, (I like it) very much.
(Come) This way,please.
--What do you think made Mary so upset?
--Losing her bicycle(made her so upset).
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