众所周知，华人在东南亚国家属于少数族裔：马来西亚华人一度占总人口25%，；泰国华人很大一部分已经融入泰国社会，难以分辨，估计占总人口14%；东南亚最大的国家印尼，华人仅占5%；而菲律宾华人，则不到2%。但是，占人口比例相对较少的华人，却控制着这些国家多数大公司，手握大量社会资源和财富。马来西亚70%的企业都是由华人创办的，过去30年印尼首富基本上是福建人把持着，以菲律宾前首富施至成为代表的“福建帮”，垄断着菲律宾首都马尼拉的大部分财富。
那么，为何华人能在东南亚造出这么一批世界级巨富？，我们看看各国网友的观点。
印尼网友IKhan Radjab的回答
When I was young, I once asked my father the same question. He answered my question based on his anecdotal experience, which may not be accurate, but can provide some insights. His answer is:
小时候，我曾经问过我父亲这个完全相同的问题。他根据自己的轶事经验回答了我的问题，这可能不准确，但可以提供一些见解。他的回答是：
When I was a little boy, Indonesian Chinese were as poor as us. Later they started small businesses. But what makes them expand their business faster? Because they have invested a lot of money in the business. They use blood, sweat and tears to develop their family business so that their families can live a comfortable life one day. If they earn 1000 rupees, they will only use 100 rupees for personal hobbies. Then, they will use the remaining money to expand their business. They are very happy to delay enjoying and buying high-end shirts and jewelry. In short, they are willing to give up personal luxury packaging to expand their business.
当我还是个小男孩的时候，印尼华人和我们一样穷。后来他们开始做小生意。但是什么让他们能够更快地扩展业务，因为他们在业务上投入了大量资金。他们用鲜血、汗水和眼泪发展自己的家族企业，以便他们的家人有一天能过上舒适的生活。如果他们赚了1000卢比，他们只会用100卢比用于个人爱好。然后，他们将用剩下的钱来扩大业务。他们非常乐意延迟享受，推迟购买高档衬衫和珠宝。简而言之，他们愿意放弃个人奢侈包装来扩大业务。
As I grow older, I find that there are rich Chinese Indonesians as well as poor Chinese Indonesians. It all depends on personal efforts and/or luck, because we can't really put Chinese Indonesians or indigenous Indonesians in a big stereotype.
随着年龄的增长，我发现有富有的印尼华人，也有贫穷的印尼华人。这完全取决于个人的努力和/或运气，因为我们不能真的将华裔印尼人或土著印尼人放在一个大的刻板印象中。
Personally, I think the dichotomy of 'indigenous and Indonesian Chinese' is an outdated concept. Because although their ancestors came from China, they are Indonesian. They were born in Indonesia, can speak Indonesian, pay taxes in Indonesia, hold Indonesian passports, and are familiar with Indonesian pop culture. Of course, they may have squint eyes and fairer skin than Indonesian aborigines, but that doesn't mean they have less Indonesian ancestry than Indonesian aborigines.
就我个人而言，我认为“土著人和印尼华人”的两分法是一个过时的概念。因为虽然他们的祖先来自中国，但他们是印尼人，他们出生在印度尼西亚，会说印尼语，在印尼纳税，持有印尼护照，熟悉印尼流行文化等等。当然，他们可能比印尼土著人有斜视的眼睛和更白皙的皮肤，但这并不意味着他们的印尼血统比印尼土著少。
海外网友Roderick的回答
I am a Eurasian (Swiss Indonesian), but because of my father's position in the community, I grew up in a western style and graduated from high school in the Netherlands.
我是一名欧亚裔（瑞士裔印度尼西亚人），但由于我父亲在社区中的地位，我从小以西方风格长大，并在荷兰高中毕业。
From 1987 to 2003, I served as the information and communication technology consultant of the national government in Jakarta. During my stay, I met many Indonesian nationals and Chinese Indonesians from all walks of life.
1987年至2003年，我在雅加达担任国家政府的信息和通信技术顾问。在我逗留期间，我结识了许多印尼国民和各阶层的华裔印尼人。
One day, I had a discussion with a very good friend, a successful Indonesian Chinese descendant. I asked him exactly the same question. I have noticed that ordinary Indonesian mixed-race children are often not successful, and there are great problems in making ends meet. They have no plans for money. When they run out of money, they are helpless. They usually like to spend money on small things.
一天，我和一位非常好的朋友，一位成功的印尼华裔后裔进行了讨论。我问了他完全相同的问题。我注意到，普通的印尼混血儿往往不太成功，而且在入不敷出方面存在很大问题。他们对钱财没有规划，钱用完后，就束手无策了，他们通常喜欢把钱花在小玩意儿上。
I asked my friend whether the Chinese are smarter than the Indonesians. But I was surprised and inspired by his answer.
我问我的朋友，中国人是否比印尼人聪明。但我对他的回答感到惊讶和启发。
China is a large country with a large population. One hundred years ago, it was very difficult to make a living in China; Lack of resources, facilities and funds. Therefore, people look for other countries to make a living.
中国是一个人口众多的大国。一百年前，在中国谋生非常困难；缺乏资源、设施和资金。因此，人们寻找其他国家谋生。
When they came to Indonesia, they found themselves in other people's countries, where people were struggling to make a living. The difference is that these new Chinese families have nothing to rely on, no relatives, because they have left everything behind. Therefore, they realized that in order to compete with local people, they must work hard and earn little money.
当他们来到印度尼西亚时，他们发现自己在别人的国家，那里的人们也在为生计而挣扎。不同的是，这些新的中国家庭没有什么可依靠的，没有亲人，因为他们把一切都抛在了身后。因此，他们意识到，为了与当地人竞争，他们必须努力工作，只赚很少的钱。
They save the money they earn for a rainy day. Therefore, for every 1000 rupees, they will take out 300 rupees for food and life, 250 rupees for children's education, 250 rupees for medicine, and the rest for savings. They retained this formula. When they have saved enough money, they still adhere to the same formula. They still won't buy a big car, luxury clothes, etc. If they can invest, they will invest in houses and provide education for children. They will not spend their money on luxury goods. They will consider every expenditure and consider it as an investment.
他们赚的那点钱，他们存起来以备不时之需。因此，在每1000卢比中，他们会拿出300卢比用于食物和生活，250卢比用于儿童教育，250卢比预留用于医药，其余用于储蓄。他们保留了这个公式。当他们攒够了钱，他们仍然坚持同样的公式，他们仍然不会买一辆大汽车、豪华衣服等。如果他们可以投资，他们会在房子里投资，并为孩子们提供教育。他们不会把钱挥霍在奢侈品上，他们会考虑每一笔开支，并将其作为一项投资。
Their food is still the same, without luxuries. Their clothes are decent enough, and they won't spend more on them! When they can invest in business, they will only invest in projects with strong reliability and profitability. This is why they finally have large enterprises. In the end, they only make money because of money. They are also very clever in taking advantage of the greed of others. They 'purchase' the indispensable things of the local people, let them rely on them, and let them become their facade. These Indonesian Chinese do not like to be conspicuous, and they are fully aware that this may cause jealousy.
他们的食物仍然是一样的，没有奢侈品。他们的衣服就够像样了，不会在上面多花钱！当他们可以投资于业务时，他们只会投资于可靠性和盈利能力强的项目。这就是他们最终拥有大型企业的原因。最终，他们只是因为有钱而赚钱。他们也非常聪明地利用他人的贪婪。他们“采购”当地人不可或缺的东西，让他们依赖他们，也让他们成为他们的门面。这些印尼华人不喜欢引人注目，他们充分意识到这可能会引起嫉妒。
Then I began to look around and found a lot of evidence about this theory around me. I have an Internet development office in Jakarta. I rented an office in a three-storey building. There is a dirty shop on the first floor, where the owner has his own shop. He sells gold and silver ornaments. He is an Indonesian Chinese. I often chat with him. He is a simple man who wears basic clothes and has nothing fancy. He drove a pickup truck to his shop. One day, I asked him about his children. He said they were studying in Canada. He complained that the cost was too high, but later I heard that they were excellent students and lived in a good housing area there. He said, 'This is an investment in their future.'.
然后我开始四处寻找，在我周围发现了很多关于这一理论的证据。我在雅加达有一个互联网发展办公室。我在一栋三层楼里租了一间办公室。在一楼有一家肮脏的小店，店主在那里有自己的小门店。他卖金银饰品。他是印尼华人。我经常和他聊天，他是一个简单的人，穿着很基本，没有什么花哨的东西。他开着一辆小货车来到他的商店。有一天，我问他关于他的孩子，他说他们在加拿大学习。他抱怨费用太高，但后来我听说他们是优秀的学生，住在那里很好的住房区。他却说：这是对他们未来的投资。
What surprised me most was that one day, while talking with him, he suddenly asked me if I was interested in going to New Zealand. When I answered that I was busy with my business, he was very disappointed. Then I asked him why. He said: 'My English is not very good (we always speak Indonesian). I have some business in New Zealand, and I need someone I can trust to help.'
最让我惊奇的是，有一天，在与他交谈时，他突然问我是否有兴趣去新西兰。当我回答说我忙于自己的生意时，他很失望。然后我问他为什么。他说：“我的英语不太好（我们之间总是说印尼语），我在新西兰有一些业务，我需要一个我可以信任的人帮忙。”
I asked him what kind of business. Then he told me: I have a building there, a shopping center in the city, with an investment of 30 million dollars. I want to expand it and build a large supermarket in it, but I haven't found a person I really trust
我问他：什么样的生意。然后他告诉我：我在那里拥有一栋大楼，在城市里，一个购物中心，投资3000万美元，我想扩建它，在里面建一个大型超市，但我还没有找到一个我真正信任的人…
印尼网友Calvin Kuntadi的回答
1. Almost all of them are the sons of Chinese businessmen who immigrated from China, that is, the second generation of Indonesian Chinese. Although some of them immigrated from China for the first time, although they did inherit enterprises from their families, their wealth increased at an alarming rate during Suharto's reign.
1.几乎所有人都是从中国移民的中国商人的儿子，即第二代印尼华人，尽管有些人是第一次从中国移民，虽然他们确实从家族继承了企业，但在苏哈托统治时期，他们的财富以惊人的速度增长。
What does all this mean?
所有这些都意味着什么？
First of all, Indonesian Chinese have been excluded from the political and military fields of Indonesia. As foreign immigrants, they are never part of the local elite that the Dutch have to choose. This is true before and after independence.
首先，印尼华人一直被排除在印尼的政治和军事领域之外。作为外国移民，他们从来都不是荷兰人不得不选择的当地精英的一部分。独立前是这样，独立后更是如此。
Suharto controls Indonesia with two different armies: the armed forces and the civil servants. These two industries are basically isolated from the Chinese people.
苏哈托以两支不同的军队控制着印度尼西亚：一支是武装部队，另一支是公务员。这两个行业基本上都与中国人隔绝。
You may have rare Indonesian Chinese politicians or generals, but in general, most of them have entered private enterprises. With the closure of other growth routes, many people specialize in the private sector as businessmen. This has become the strength of Indonesian Chinese.
你可能有罕见的印尼华裔政治家或将军，但总的来说，大多数人都进入了私人企业。随着其他成长途径的关闭，许多人以商业商人的身份专攻私营部门。这成为印尼华人的力量。
Now, on the whole, the average economic situation of Chinese Indonesians is better than that of Indonesians, mainly for two reasons:
现在，总的来说，印尼华人的平均经济状况比印尼人好，这主要有两个原因：
1. Enthusiasm in education
1.痴迷于教育
2. Make sure you pass on the good life to your descendants
2.确保你把美好的生活传给你的后代
In general, this is true for most people living in Chinese culture.
总的来说，这对生活在中国文化中的大多数人来说都是如此。
Therefore, with the intergenerational transfer of wealth and the focus on education as an exciting tool, in general, most overseas Chinese are often the perfect portrayal of 'model minority' in terms of education, wealth and low crime rate. This is true in the United States, Britain and Australia.
因此，随着财富的代际转移，以及对教育这一令人振奋的工具的关注，总体而言，大多数海外侨胞在教育、财富和低犯罪率方面往往是“模范少数群体”的完美写照。这在美国、英国和澳大利亚都是如此。
However, in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, few Chinese people can reach an amazing level of wealth like a few Indonesian Chinese in Indonesia. Why?
但在美国、英国和澳大利亚，很少有中国人能像在印尼的少数印尼华人那样达到惊人的财富水平，为什么会这样？
A key issue is that Indonesian Chinese have been regarded as 'foreigners' in Indonesia. In the early days of the founding of the Republic of Indonesia, they were excluded from political and military participation, and Suharto regarded them as useful allies.
一个关键问题在于，印尼华人在印尼一直被视为“外国人”。在印度尼西亚共和国成立初期，他们被排除在政治和军事参与之外，苏哈托将他们视为有用的盟友。
He granted some second-generation Indonesian Chinese businessmen exclusive 'licenses' (such as monopolies) in certain industries, such as trade or commodities. Under the monopoly, they accumulated huge wealth, but had no political power.
他授予了一些第二代印尼华商在某些行业的独家“许可”（如垄断等），如贸易或商品。在垄断的情况下，他们积累了巨大的财富，但没有政治权力。
This is possible, because as permanent outsiders, they will never be the opponents of Indonesian political struggle, but become useful (and compliant) partners in a customer sponsorship system. With their huge wealth, any Indonesian politician or general can use them to obtain 'funds' or 'monetary resources', because the license to obtain so much funds for Indonesian Chinese tycoons depends entirely on the nod of politicians.
这是可能的，因为作为永久的局外人，他们永远不会是印尼人政治斗争的对手，而是在一个客户赞助系统中成为有用的（和顺从的）合作伙伴。凭借其巨大的财富，任何印度尼西亚政治人物或将军都可以利用他们来获得“资金”或“货币资源”，因为为印尼华人大亨获得如此多资金的许可证完全取决于政客们的点头。
Of course, most of these monopoly enterprises have disappeared since 1998, but Indonesian Chinese enterprise groups have been deeply rooted in the economy, and the momentum of their economic strength is irresistible.
当然，自1998年后，这些垄断企业中的大多数就不复存在了，但印尼华人企业集团已经在经济中根深蒂固，其经济实力的势头势不可挡。
Therefore, the key difference is that Indonesia's economy ultimately depends on the asylum relationship system, in which a small number of Chinese Indonesians have successfully taken advantage of this, while western economies are more or less free market economies.
因此，关键的区别在于，印度尼西亚的经济最终取决于庇护关系体系，在这个体系中，少数印尼华人成功地利用了这一点，而西方经济体或多或少都是自由市场经济体。
I have previously interacted with Chinese scarves stores from different countries. One of the key factors is that all scarves stores rely more or less on the sheltering relationship network in terms of transactions and contracts. Some people call it 'bamboo net', others call it 'relationship net', and some people call it 'corruption'.
我之前曾与来自不同国家的中国丝巾店进行过互动，其中一个关键因素是，所有丝巾店在交易和合同方面或多或少都依赖于庇护关系网络。一些人称之为“竹网”，另一些人称之“关系网”，而一些人则称之为“腐败”。
No matter what the proper term is, it means that they only deal, but do not make actual business strategies.
不管恰当的术语是什么，这意味着他们只做交易，但不做实际的商业战略。
海外网友哈里·哈特沃的回答
This is my observation. I grew up surrounded by Indonesian Chinese. In the past, local Indonesians have their own privileges (in politics, bureaucracy, government office, university quota, etc.)
这是我的观察，我在印尼华人的包围下长大。在过去，当地印尼人有自己的特权（在政治、官僚机构、政府公职、大学配额等方面）
Because of the common experience of discrimination, people tend to unite and build trust around them. This ethnocentrism has become more profound due to the patriarchal society of the Chinese people.
由于歧视的共同经历，人们倾向于团结在一起，并容易在他们周围建立信任。这种民族中心主义由于中国人的宗族社会而变得更加深刻。
Due to the past discrimination, Chinese people often performed less in politics, but they performed very well in business, entrepreneurship, commerce and trade.
由于过去的歧视，中国人在政治方面的表现往往较少，但在商业、创业、商业和贸易方面的表现却非常优秀。
A Chinese child will tend to go to private and high-quality Catholic, Christian or international schools. It is almost natural for these children to have a strong network when they grow up. They are entrepreneurs and professionals. In addition, Chinese culture attaches great importance to education and the future. Whether China is rich or poor.
一个中国孩子将倾向于去私立和高质量的天主教、基督教或国际学校。这些孩子长大后拥有强大的网络几乎是很自然的，他们都是企业家和专业人士。除此之外，中国文化非常重视教育，非常注重未来。无论中国富人还是穷人。
Poor parents do almost everything for their children's education. It is like, 'If I am poor as a parent, and if my child has a future, I will be very happy'. Therefore, children will become professionals here, and some of them will move to other overseas countries for a better life.
贫穷的父母为了孩子的教育几乎不惜一切代价。这就像是，“如果我作为父母穷死了，如果我的孩子有未来，我会很高兴”。因此，孩子们将成为这里的专业人士，他们中的一些人会为了更好的生活而跳槽到其他海外国家。
Rich or middle-income parents will send their children to international schools or national plus schools, where courses are taught in English. You can imagine how great this child's network is.
富裕或中等收入的父母会把他们的孩子送到国际学校或国家加学校，那里的课程是用英语授课的。你可以想象这个孩子的网络有多棒。
It is normal for Chinese people to ask what your father does. So we know who to look for when we need it.
中国人问你父亲是干什么的，这很正常。所以我们知道需要什么时该去找谁。
After graduating from high school, these children are usually sent overseas. Many of them will return to Indonesia with degrees, networks and knowledge from overseas. Most of them will continue their family business or entrepreneurship after working in other companies for 2 or 3 years.
高中毕业后，这些孩子通常会被送往海外。他们中的许多人将从海外带着学位、网络和知识回到印度尼西亚。他们中的大多数人会在其他一些公司工作2或3年后继续他们的家族企业或创业。
In addition, we have another saying, 'hutang budi dibawa mati', also known as reciprocity and friendship from generation to generation. So if someone helps you when you are in trouble, you may never be able to repay it. You will always be ready to help those people and their families.
除此之外，我们还有一个说法，“hutang budi dibawa mati”，也叫礼尚往来，世代友好。所以，如果有人在你困难的时候帮助你，你可能永远无法偿还，你将随时准备帮助那些人和他们的家人。
Suppose you are rich. Your mother will come to you and say, 'You want to hire Bob's son, whose grandfather helped your grandmother in the past' (for example, 40 years ago, even before you were born, and more than the third generation)
假设你很有钱。你妈妈会来找你说，“你要雇佣鲍勃的儿子，他的爷爷过去曾帮助过你的奶奶”（比如40年前，甚至在你出生之前，以及第三代以上）
Therefore, the network has become so close, based on trust, even for overseas Chinese (mainly Singapore).
因此，网络变得如此紧密，建立在信任的基础上，甚至对海外华人（主要是新加坡）来说更是如此。
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